蓄熱層 두께 및 溫水供合給條件에 따른 溫水溫突 바닥의 熱特性에 관한 硏究 = A study on the experiments and transient simulations of Ondol heating floor by varying pipe embedding depths and hot water supply conditions

국문 초록 (Abstract)

溫突은 그 起源이 2000年 以上이 될 만큼 오래 전부터 傳來된 우리나라 固有의 住居用 난방방식이다. 대략 20세기 중반부터 이 溫突은 溫水파이프를 이용한 溫突 바닥난방으로 變形·發展되어오고 있지만, 이 傳統的인 暖房施設인 溫突이 갖는 特有한 熱環境 條件은 우리 民族 固有의 生活風俗을 형성하는 데 큰 영향을 미쳐 왔다. 이런 까닭에 오래 전부터 溫突 바닥난방에 관한 많은 硏究가 수행되었으며 수많은 報告書들이 발행되어 왔다. 근래에는 溫突의 熱環境 및 溫突 바닥 構造體의 熱傳達 特性 等에 관한 體系的인 硏究뿐만 아니라, 溫突을 이용한 暖房空間의 熱環境 實態와 熱的 快適性에 관한 調査硏究 및 새로운 溫突構造의 개발에 관한 實驗硏究들도 활발히 수행되어 왔다. 그러나, 우리나라 사람들의 溫突에 대한 選好度와 溫突의 歷史에 비하여 아직도 溫突暖房 空間에서의 人體의 熱環境에 대한 反應의 硏究라든가 溫突 바닥난방에 관한 最適設計理論, 溫突 暖房시스템의 개발 등은 만족할 만한 것이 되지 못하는 실정이다.
따라서, 本 硏究에서는 溫水溫突 바닥 構造體의 非定常 熱傳達 特性을 보다 깊게 파악하여 溫突의 熱環境 設計理論, 暖房시스템의 개발에 基礎的인 資料로 활용하기 위하여, 溫水供給溫度, 바닥 構造體의 蓄熱層 두께 및 連續暖房·間歇暖房의 보일러 運轉條件 등을 여러 가지로 變化시킨 경우에 따른 溫突 바닥構造體의 溫度變化 特性을 實驗的으로 분석하였다.
또한, 本 硏究는 旣存의 有限差分理論인 前進有限差分과 後進有限差分法을 이용해서 本 溫突 實驗室 및 旣存住宅에 적합한 數値解析모델을 定立한 뒤, 有限差分에 의한 數値解析解와 後値差分에 의한 數値解析解의 비교를 통해 두 방법의 差異点을 규명하고, 더 나아가 이들 數値解析에 의한 計算値들과 實驗에 의한 實測値를 비교함으로서, 어느 방법을 통한 數値解析解가 實驗値에 더 近似하는가를 밝힘과 동시에 시뮬레이션 모델의 妥當性을 檢證하여, 시스템 設計模型의 定立을 위한 基礎 資料의 제시를 目的으로 하였다.
本 論文의 主要 內容을 各 章別로 요약하면 다음과 같다.
第 l章에서는 硏究의 背景 및 目的, 旣存의 硏究, 硏究方法, 硏究範圍 및 硏究의 進行을 위한 內容이 記述되고 있다.
第 2章에서는 本 硏究의 理論的 背景인 溫突에 관한 일반적 現況과 問題点을, 또한 溫突 實驗室 바닥構造體의 非定常 熱傳達 特性을 파악하기 위한 分析도구로서 數値解析理論의 展開와 定立에 관해 論述하고 있다. 非定常 一次元 熱傳達 微分方程式을 풀기 위한 방법을 大別하면, 解析的 方法(Analytical Approaches), 圖式的方法(Graphical Approaches), 數値解析的 方法(Numerical Approaches)으로 나누어 지는데, 이 가운데서 本 硏究에서는 數値解析的 方法으로서 有限差分理論인 前進差分과 後進差分法을 이용하고 있다.
第 3章은 溫突 實驗室과 旣存住宅에 대한 實驗 · 實測槪要 및 시뮬레이션 槪要로서, 實驗 · 實測의 內容과 測定方法, 測定項目 및 實驗條件 등에 관해 論述하고 있으며, 이를 요약하면 다음과 같다.
溫突 實驗은 서울 H大學의 旣存 7層 건물 내에 특별히 설계된 溫突 實驗室에서 수행되었고, 實驗內容은 溫水供給溫度, 蓄熱層 두께 및 連續 · 間歇暖房과 같은 보일러 運轉條件 등에 변화를 주어 溫突 바닥구조체의 溫度變化 特性을 분석하였으며 총 實驗數는 16가지였다.
旣存住宅에 대한 實測은 서울 近郊로서 경기도 구리시 교문동에 위치 한 單獨住宅(2層 洋屋)의 1개실을 대상으로 하여, 溫水供給溫度, 連續 및 間歇暖房과 같은 溫水供給條件에 變化를 주어 實測을 하였으며 그 實驗數는 총 4가지였다.
第 4章은 溫突 實驗室에 대한 實驗結果 및 考察로서, 먼저 溫突 實驗室에 대한 主要測定点의 溫度變化를 살펴본 뒤, 溫水供給溫度에 따른 溫度變化, 蓄熱層 두께에 따른 溫度變化 및 溫突 實驗室의 供給熱量 變化를 論述하고 있다.
第 5章은 旣存住宅에 대한 實測結果 및 考察로서, 旣存住宅에 대한 主要 測定点의 溫度變化를 살펴본 뒤, 溫水供給溫度에 따른 溫度變化 및 供給熱量 變化를 記述하고 있다.
第 6章은 溫突 實驗室과 旣存住宅의 溫突 바닥構造體에 대해 前進有限差分과 後進有限差分을 이용해 模擬實驗한 뒤, 第 4章과 第 5章에서 旣 분석된 實驗結果値와 本 章에서 분석된 數値解析 結果値를 비교 분석하여 數値解析의 妥當性 與否를 檢證하고 있다.
第 7章에서는 本 硏究의 結論을 記述하였으며, 主要內容을 要約하면 다음과 같다.
1) 溫水供給溫度에 따른 室內 熱環境 側面에서 溫水溫度를 검토한 결과, 溫突 實驗室에서는 連續暖房인 경우 溫水供給溫度 40 ℃일 때가 바닥表面 및 室溫이 각각 平均 30.05 ℃, 28.12 ℃ 정도로 室內 熱環境 面에서 일반적으로 알려진 쾌적한 溫度帶에 근접하는 것으로 나타났다. 이것은 蓄熱層의 두께에 관계없이 같은 현상으로 나타났으며, 間歇暖房인 경우에는 溫水供給溫度가 50 ℃일 때 蓄熱層의 두께에 관계없이 바닥 表面 및 室溫이 각각 평균 29.38℃, 23.68℃ 정도로 나타나 일반적인 快適溫度 범위에 근접되어 있었다.
또한, 旣存住宅에서는 連續暖房인 경우 溫水供給溫度 50℃일 때가 바닥表面 및 室溫이 각각 平均 30. 57℃, 19.40℃ 이상으로 나타나 溫水 溫度 60℃일 때보다 유리하며, 間歇暖房인 경우에는 溫水溫度 70℃일 때가 바닥表面 및 室溫이 각각 平均 30. 89℃, 21.25℃를 가리킴으로서 溫水溫度 60℃일 때보다 약간 유리한 것을 알 수 있다.
2) 蓄熱層 두께 變化에 따른 溫度分布 側面에서 살펴보면, 蓄熱層의 두께가 얇은(2㎝) 경우 두꺼운(4㎝) 경우보다 바닥表面 및 室溫은 높게 나타나지만, 溫水의 직접적인 영향으로 溫水供給을 중단할 時는 두꺼운 경우보다 室溫 및 바닥 表面溫度가 下降하는 속도는 더 빠르게 나타나고, 이 下降速度는 바닥구조체 蓄熱容量의 差異에 크게 좌우되고 있다.
또한, 蓄熱層 두께 變化에 따른 供給熱量 側面에서 살펴보면, 連續暖房이든 間歇暖房이든 간에 蓄熱層의 두께가 두꺼울수록 平均供給熱量도 많게 나타나고 있어 두꺼운 경우가 供給熱量面에서 불리한 것으로 分析되었지만, 이와같이 두께가 얇은 경우보다 두꺼운 경우 많은 熱量을 供給해야 하는 이유로서는 바닥 構造體 蓄熱을 위한 때문인 것으로 分析되었다.
3) 溫水供給方式으로 間歇 · 連續暖房을 室內 熱環境 側面에서 比較 해보면, 連續暖房인 경우 室溫 및 바닥表面溫度는 매우 안정적으로 나타났지만, 間歇暖房인 경우에는 連續暖房인 경우보다 변화 폭이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 連續暖房 方式이 間歇暖房인 경우보다 쾌적한 室內環境을 유지할 수 있을 것으로 분석되었다.
4) 間歇暖房과 連續暖房時의 보일러 運轉時間과 溫度分布와의 관계를 살펴보면, 間歇暖房인 경우가 連續暖房인 경우와 거의 동일한 室內 熱環境 水準을 造成하기위해서는, 보일러 運轉時間(溫水供給時間)을 本 硏究에서 행한 2시간, 3시간 보다 더 많은 난방시간으로 선정하거나 혹은 連續暖房時 보다 약간 높은 온도의 온수를 공급해야 하는 것으로 확인되었다.
5) 室溫과 供給熱量에 대한 相關性 評價의 一般化를 위한 試圖로서 供給熱量 推定式을 提示하였는 바, 溫水供給溫度가 45℃. 55℃일 때 溫突 實驗室 A室(4㎝)에 대한 回歸式의 決定係數는 각각 R²=0.7393, R²=0.7438로 높게 나타나고 있으며, 이에 대한 簡易 推定式은 다음과 같다.
Y = 75.9273 - 2.2648 × (R² = 0.7393)
Y = 101.120 - 2.6687 × (R² = 0.7438)
이 相關式을 통해 連續暖房인 경우가 間歇暖房 方式인 경우에 비해 供給熱量 水準에서 約 ± 10% 內의 근소한 차이를 나타내고 있는 것으로 분석되었다.
6) 連續暖房과 間歇暖房을 供給熱量 側面에서 비교해보면, 溫突 實驗室인 경우에는 동일한 온도의 온수를 공급할 때 間歇暖房時 온수가 공급되는 시간동안은 連續暖房時보다 供給熱量이 높게 나타나지만, 暖房時間 전체에 대한 平均供給熱量은 連續暖房인 경우가 間歇暖房인 경우보다 모델 A室에서 溫水供給溫度 50℃인 경우를 제외하고 최대 1. 83 倍, 모델 B室에서 溫水溫度 40℃인 경우를 제외하고 최대 1. 40倍로 높게 나타나고 있다는 사실을 파악할 수 있었다.
또한, 旣存住宅인 경우에는 동일한 온도의 온수를 공급할 때 間歇暖房時 온수가 공급되는 시간동안은 連續暖房時보다 供給熱量이 높게 나타나지만, 暖房時間 전체에 대한 平均供給熱量은 連續暖房인 경우가 間歇暖房보다 2.61倍 정도 높게 나타나고 있음을 파악할 수 있었다.
7) 溫突 實驗室 및 旣存住宅에 적용한 數値解析法에 의한 計算値들은 前進差分이든 後進差分이든 두 방법이 計算方式에 差異가 있을 뿐 어떤 방법으로 시뮬레이션 하든 간에 差分解는 거의 차이가 없었으며, 또한, 前進差分보다는 後進差分에 의한 數値解가 근소하나마 實測値에 더 近似하고 있다는 사실을 파악할 수 있었다.
8) 後進差分法을 이용한 本 一次元 計算 모델에 의한 數値解析解는 發熱面, 바닥表面 및 室內溫度가 모두 2. 17℃ 內의 誤差를 보이면서 實測値에 近似하는 것으로 나타남으로서, 本 시뮬레이션 모델은 妥當한 理論式임이 판명되었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

I. INTRODUCTION
Goodeul has been used in residential building as radiant floor heating system using combustion heat of briquettes or timber in Korea for two thousands or more years. Such traditional Goodeul has changed into Ondol - radiant heating system with piping embedded in floors or slabs.
This study reports the results of the transient temperature responses of a floor heating panel according to the variation of hot water supply temperatures and the different pipe embedding depths, and is then monitored for several days. This experiment compares the temperature responses of a floor heating panel under continuous and intermittent heating system.
Furthermore, the paper presents some details of the thermal response of Ondol-heated buildings to varying loads and patterns of heat input. The analysis of the thermal performance of Ondol heating system have been presented. I'll compare the numerical simulation with the results of experimentation to testify the feasibility of numerical analysis.
II. EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES & TEST DESCRIPTION
II-1. Model House & Existing Detached House
The experiments in this study were performed at a specially designed model house located in Seoul and an existing detached house located in kyomun-li, kuri city, Kyunggi province. Model house essentially consists of two rooms in which have dimensions of 6.56-ft × 6.56-ft × 6.56-ft( 2m ×2m ×2m ), respectively. An existing detached house is two stories. Experiment was acomplished in a room in which have dimensions of 10.17-ft × 13.12-ft × 7.22-ft(3.1m ×4.Om ×2.2m), respectively. The test rooms of model house have been embedded by copper tubes, and the 0.63-in(15.88mm) copper tubes are arranged at 7.87-in(200mm) intervals for two rooms, respectively. For test room A, the embedding depth of pipe coil is 1.57-in(40mm), and 0.78-in(20mm) for test room B. The test room of a detached house have been embedded by X-L pipe, and the 0.78-in(20mm) X-L pipe are arranged at 9.84-in(250mm) intervals.
II-2. Experimental Test Description
1). Model House
Temperatures in the enclosure, such as the floor surface, ceiling surface, wall surface, and room air, were measured by using copper-constantan thermocouples at 30 minutes intervals. Wall surface and ceiling surface temperatures were measured at 24 and 6 points, respectively. Floor temperatures were measured in detail by installing thermocouples for 34 points, and thermocouples were attached to the surfaces of each embedded tube directly underneath the floor mortar and between each tube path. The room air temperatures were measured by using thermocouples installed 0.3-ft (lm) from each wall at a distance of 0.39, 1.17, 1.95, 3.9, 11.7-in (1,3,5,10,30cm) and 0.3-ft(lm) from the floor and ceiling. These measurements were used to observe vertical stratification and isothermal heat lines. The temperatures of the supply and return water were measured by attaching thermocouples to the exposed copper tube surface at every 5 minutes to increase the accuracy of measurements and then covering the tube with a layer of insulation. Two outdoor temperatures were recorded. A data logger was used to record temperatures. Each thermocouple was connected to an isothermal reference junction provided by the data logger. Water flow rate was measured by a flow meter.
The experiment was carried out under the 16 conditions - the variation of hot water sypply temperatures (401C, 451C, 501C, 551C) and the different pipe embedding depths(2cm, 4cm). Boiler operation condition is classified into the case of the 36 hours -continuous heating and the intermittent heating with 4 hours shut-off after 2 hours heat-up.
2). Existing Detached House
Temperatures in the enclosure, such as the floor surface, ceiling surface, wall surface, and room air, were measured by using copper -constantan thermocouples at 30 minutes intervals. Wall surface and ceiling surface temperatures were measured at 10 and 2 points, respectively. Floor temperatures were measured in detail by installing thermocouples for 5 points, and thermocouples of 17 points were attached to the surfaces of each embedded tube directly underneath the floor mortar and between each tube path. The temperatures of the supply and return water were measured by attaching thermocouples to the exposed copper tube surface at every 15 minutes and then covering the tube with a layer of insulation.
The experiment was carried out under the 4 conditions - the variation of hot water supply temperatures ( 50℃, 60℃, 70℃). Boiler operation condition is classified into the case of the 42 hours continuous heating and the intermittent heating with 5 hours shut-off after 3 hours heat-up.
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS & DISCUSSION
III-1. Temperature Variations of Ondol-heated Space
In model house(test room A), the average temperatures of heat generating plane, floor surface, outwall surface temperature are 45. 34℃, 41. 50℃, 13. 57℃, respectively, when water supply temperature is 551C under the continuous heating. The outdoor temperature is ranged 11.7℃-13.15℃. Also, inwall surface and room air temperature curves are similar. This is appropriate since the air is being heated primarily by natural convection from the enclosure, especially the floor, and the air has a low thermal mass storage. In intermittent heating, temperature profiles are unstable during the entire heating hours because of periodic boiler on-off switch system. Also, thermal responses of the wall surface and room air is very slow when heated by a hot water radiant system.
In detached house, the average temperatures of heat generating plane, floor surface, room air temperature are 33.77℃, 31.94℃, 20.09℃, respectively, when water supply is 50℃ under the continuous heating. Also, inwall surface and room air temperature curves are similar. In the intermittent heating, the temperature profiles are unstable during the entire heating hours because of periodic boiler on-off switch system. Also, thermal responses of the inwall surface and room air is very slow when heated by a hot water radiant system.
III-2. Transient Response of Room Air According to Different Water Supply Temperatures
In model house(test room A), under continuous heating, Even if the air temperature curve is somewhat irregularly plotted in case of water supply temperature 55℃, the average temperatures of room air are increased approximately 3.5℃-4.0℃ every 5℃ rise in water supply temperature. Therefore, it can be seen that the air temperature curves are proportionally increased according to rise in water supply temperature. Under intermittemt heating, the average temperatures of room air are increased approximately 2.5±1℃ every 5℃ rise in water supply temperature. Also, the temperature curves indicate the unstable distribution during the entire heating hours because of periodic boiler on-off switch system.
In detached house under the continuous heating, the average temperatures of room air are increased approximately 4.5℃ every 10℃ rise in water supply temperature, even if direct comparison are difficult because of different experimental environmental conditions. Under intermittent heating, the average temperatures of room air are similar. The reason of this is the fact that outside air temperatures are different each other when water supply temperatures are 60℃ and 70℃, respectively. Also, the temperature curves indicate the unstable distribution during the entire heating hours because of periodic boiler on-off switch system.
III-3. Transient Response of Room Air According to Varying Pipe Embedding Depths
A plot of room air temperatures according to the variation of pipe embedding depths and the different water supply temperatures under the continuous heating was interesting. During 6-10 hours after heating, the transient temperature curves of test room B(2cmpipe embedding depth) indicate steeper rise in room air temperature than room A (4cm). In contrast after elapsed 6-10 heating hours, temperature profiles of room A indicate steeper rise than room B. The main cause of these responses is the fact that the slab of test room A has larger thermal mass storage than that of room B.
The responses of the room air temperatures after the water supply to the radiant system was shut off were peculiar. This reduced the heat addition to zero. The room air temperature is being decreased fast because heat is transferred not only to the walls but also through the slab. Thermal drop gradients of room air were found to be slow in case of shallow pipe embedding depth than deeper depth after radiant heating systemshut off. This sluggish decay of room air temperature was due to lower thermal mass storage of radiant heating panel in test room B.
The transient responses of room air according to the variation of pipe embedding depths and the different water supply temperatures under the intermittent heating were similar in case of the continuous heating. During heat-up, the temperature curves of test room B indicate steeper rise in room air than room B. During the radiant system shut off, however, the transient curves of room A indicate steeper rise than room B. This responses were to be considered due to larger thermal mass storage of radiant heating panel in test room A.
III-4. Variations of Heat Flow Rates
In model house, comparison of the heat flow rates in test room A for the continuous or intermittent heating system and the different water. supply temperatures was as follows. Under the intermittent heating, the average heat flow rates are about 140tl0 kcal/m2 ·h for test room A, except the case of water supply temperature-40℃, and 120±15 kcal/m²- h for room B. Also, under the continuous heating, it is 160±20 kcal/m²- h for room A, and 130±10 kcal /m²- h for room B.
In detached house, the heat flow rates under the continuous or intermittent heating system and the different water supply temperatures was as follows. Under the intermittent heating, the average heat flow rates are about 650±100 kcal/m²- h. Also, under the continuous heating, it is 1,250±150 kcal/m²- h.
IV. COMPARISON OF NUMERICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
In this chapter, the thermal performance and the results of a detailed computer study in Ondol heating system have been presented. The objective of the chapter is to compare the numerical simulation with the results of experimentation to testify the feasibility of numerical analysis. The simulation results by the explicit scheme of finite difference methods didn't considerably differ from ones by the implicit scheme of finite difference methods. Moreover, the simulation model of Ondol-heated space in this study was proved to be feasible, because only the maximum errors of 2.17℃ at any case were indicated as compared results of numerical analysis with experimental results.
V. CONCLUSIONS
This study has contributed to the understandings of the transient behaviors of Ondol-heated floor panels and enclosure exposed to this type of heating system. The summary of results which were drawn from this study was as followed.
1). Temperature profiles under continuous and intermittent heating system were similar during 6∼10 hours after heating, but indoor environmental temperature level differed considerably from after elapsed heating hours.
2). Temperature drop gradients of room air were found to be slow in case of shallow pipe embedding depth (2cm) than deeper depth (4cm) after radiant heating system shut off. This sluggish decay of room air temperature was to be considered due to lower thermal mass storage of radiant heating panel in test room B.
3). The water supply temperature had a large effect on the rate of increase in floor surface and room air temperature. But, in spite of a higher water supply temperature, the heat flow rate was not increased considerably. The shallow pipe embedding depths, of course , resulted in a low heat flow rate.
4). A discussion of the feasibility of numerical results in comparison with experimentation were given. The simulations were exercized to study the effects of system design parameters. Placing the copper tubes close to the floor surface allows for quick response to changing loads, but it has the disadvantage of allowing the room air temperature to drop rapidly when radiant heating system shut off.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 目次
• 第1章 序論 = 1
• 1.1 硏究의 背景 및 目的 = 2
• 1.2 旣存의 硏究 = 2
• 1.3 硏究方法 및 範圍 = 12
• 第2章 溫突의 現況과 數値解析理論 = 16
• 2.1 溫突의 起源과 變遷 = 16
• 2.2 溫突의 構造 및 分類 = 18
• 2.2.1 溫突의 構造 = 18
• 2.2.2 溫突의 類型 = 19
• 2.3 溫突의 現況 = 23
• 2.3.1 國內 溫突의 現況 = 23
• 2.3.2 國外 溫突의 現況 = 24
• 2.4 數値解析理論 = 26
• 2.4.1 一次元 非定常 熱傳達 = 26
• 2.4.2 有限差分法에 의한 熱傳導 = 29
• 2.4.3 室內溫度의 計算모델 = 44
• 第3章 實驗 및 시뮬레이션 = 47
• 3.1 溫突 實驗室 = 47
• 3.1.1 實驗室 槪要 = 47
• 3.1.2 實驗內容 및 方法 = 47
• 3.2 旣存住宅 = 54
• 3.2.1 測定室 槪要 = 54
• 3.2.2 實測內容 및 方法 = 59
• 3.3 시뮬레이션 槪要 = 62
• 3.3.1 數値解析 條件 = 62
• 3.3.2 시뮬레이션 條件 = 64
• 第4章 溫突 實驗室의 實驗結果 및 考察 = 66
• 4.1 溫突 實驗室의 溫度變化 = 66
• 4.1.1 連續暖房時의 溫度變化 = 66
• 4.1.2 間歇暖房時의 溫度變化 = 70
• 4.1.3 溫水供給 中斷 後의 溫度變化 = 73
• 4.2 溫水供給溫度에 따른 溫度變化 = 76
• 4.2.1 바닥表面溫度 = 76
• 4.2.2 室內溫度 = 79
• 4.2.3 바닥構造體 內部溫度 = 88
• 4.3 蓄熱層 두께에 따른 溫度變化 = 91
• 4.3.1 바닥表面溫度 = 91
• 4.3.2 室內溫度 = 94
• 4.3.3 바닥構造體 內部溫度 = 97
• 4.4 溫突 實驗室의 供給熱量 變化 = 103
• 4.4.1 溫水供給溫度에 따른 供給熱量 = 103
• 4.4.2 蓄熱層 두께에 따른 供給熱量 = 106
• 4.4.3 連續暖房과 間歇暖房時의 供給熱量 = 108
• 4.4.4 供給熱量 簡易 推定式 考察 = 111
• 4.5 小結 = 118
• 第5章 旣存住宅의 實測結果 및 考察 = 121
• 5.1 旣存住宅의 溫度變化 = 121
• 5.1.1 外部氣象條件 = 121
• 5.1.2 連續 및 間歇暖房時의 溫度變化 = 122
• 5.2 溫水供給溫度에 따른 溫度變化 = 130
• 5.2.1 室溫 및 壁表面溫度 = 130
• 5.2.2 바닥表面 및 構造體內部 溫度 = 139
• 5.3 旣存住宅의 供給熱量 變化 = 145
• 5.3.1 溫水供給溫度에 따른 供給熱量 = 145
• 5.3.2 連續暖房과 間歇暖房時의 供給熱量 = 146
• 5.4 小結 = 152
• 第6章 數値解析과 實驗結果의 比較 = 154
• 6.1 前進差分과 後進差分解의 比較 = 154
• 6.1.1 溫突 實驗室 = 154
• 6.1.2 旣存住宅 = 158
• 6.2 數値解析과 實驗結果의 比較 = 161
• 6.2.1 溫突 實驗室 = 161
• 6.2.2 旣存住宅 = 174
• 6.3 數値解析의 妥當性 檢討 = 176
• 6.4 小結 = 179
• 第7章 結論 = 180
• 7.1 綜合討議 및 結論 = 180
• 7.2 向後 硏究課題 = 187
• 參考文獻 = 189
• ABSTRACT = 203
• 謝辭 = 214