KCI등재
한국사 속에서 여성의 공적영역과 사적영역 : 전근대사회로부터 개화기까지 = Public and Private Spheres of Women in the History of Korea
저자
발행기관
이화여자대학교 한국여성연구원(Korean Women's institute Ewha Womans University)
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1998
작성언어
Korean
KDC
337.105
등재정보
KCI등재
자료형태
학술저널
발행기관 URL
수록면
171-194(24쪽)
제공처
소장기관
<Abstract>
This study is to explore how Korean women had been identified in public and private
spheres throughout Korean history. Since the state was formed in ancient society, the
organization of the state had been occupied by the men-centered ruling class, and men's
strength and power had dominated the society. Therefore, women's roles of peaceful and
equal society in ancient times had been reduced and women's productive role became
institutionally ignored.
Historically, restrictions to women's activities were appeared variously by many factors
such as the ideology of the rule, characteristics of ruling system and changes in
socio-economic situation. From ancient Three Kingdom's Period, Korean society was
ruled by Buddhism and despotic monarchy. Kory dynasty equivalent to the Medieval
Age was an aristocratic society which sought to establish a coexisting system of
Buddhism and Confucianism in parallel. At that time, people thought Confucianism took
charge of real politics, while Buddhism was for spiritual world. Accordingly, the method
of regulating women was also differed.
In particular, Chosun dynasty adopted Neo-Confucianism, Sungrihak(性理學), as a ruling
ideology by denouncing Buddhism had exploited the regulation of women in more rigid
form by employing a family as a fundamental unit of the state's control. By identifing
women's spheres changed in causal relations of the contemporary society, the clue of
what were the major factors of defining women's status/position may be found.
The "public sphere" of women, in pre-modern society, was related to the state or the
royal family, and there was few opportunity for women's activity. However, in political
sector, a few women of the royal family could throned as a queen; as a mother of royal
successor, if her son was crowned in very young age she ruled as a regent for a while.
Sometimes she was responsible for deciding next successor as the highest senior in the
royal family if a mishap was happened to the young king. In ancient times, women who
were wives of governmental officials had to play a certain political role. In economic
sector in pre-modern society women's employment and social activities were not
accepted in general. However, there were specific job areas which should be done by
women only, and some women who had learned specific skills could engage in such
occupations: for instance, court ladies(宮女), entertainers(妓女), medical curer(醫女), and
technicians who employed at minor offices for handicraft manufactures in ancient times
etc. Also there were women who had a kind of professional skills and received some
payment and/or rewards from the government, and in turn paid the income tax to the
state: those were women shamans(巫女).
In the meantime, the "private sphere" of women was largely concentrated on roles of
daughters, daughters-in-law, wives, and mothers within the family. Since women were
the subject of family life, women were working for family business. Women could have
religious beliefs in order to have some consolation on conflicts arisen from everyday life
and involve in arts and academic activities as a means of self-expression. Women in
pre-modern period were much more active in the private sphere and these activities
were the whole life of the majority women excluding a very few women who could
participate in the public sphere.
In the transition of modern society after the Enlightenment Period of Korea,
opportunities of public education were opened to women and various devices suppressed
women were released, which led to change in public and private spheres. Women's role
in politics were rather shrunken and activities in economic, educational and cultural
sectors became remarkable. This is said to be a historical phenomenon resulted from the
extension of women's social participation by autonomic efforts of women' who raised
their consciousness and restored their self-esteem so that rejected to conduct given
roles passively in the social structure.
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