평화의 조건: 보스니아의 평화는 무엇으로 결정되었나? = Conditions of Peace: What led to peace in Bosnia-Herzegovina?

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

As great power politics ended with the dissolution of the Cold War, instead of war between nations, a new form of violent conflict took its place: civil war. Bosnia–Herzegovina, where European, Orthodox, and Islamic civilizations meet, has long been subject to a clash of collective identities from different cultures, religions, and languages. As the structural changes of democratization in Eastern Europe and the collapse of the Soviet Union unfolded and the loose federal system under Tito’s dictatorship transitioned to the strengthened federal union of collective leadership, Bosnian leaders began to divide and clash. The purpose of this study is to examine why unexpected peace came to Bosnia–Herzegovina, where ethnic cleansing had previously occurred, and to determine when and how the conflict turned to peace. This study divides Bosnia’s peace factors into internal and external factors. The former include political, economic, cultural, and ideological factors, and the latter are generally security factors. The Bosnian conflict resolved into peace the moment the disputing parties signed the Dayton Agreement. In essence, external leadership from the United States facilitated this peace. Genuine reconciliation and cooperation among Bosniaks, Croatians, and Serbs are needed to establish harmonious relations.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

냉전의 해체로 미소 간 강대국정치(power politics)가 막을 내리자 국가들 간 전쟁 대신 내전이라는 새로운 형태의 폭력적 충돌이 그 자리를 대신했다. 유럽과 정교, 이슬람 문명이 만나는 곳에 위치한 보스니아-헤르체고비나는 서로 다른 문화와 종교, 언어를 가진 집단 정체성들이 오랫동안 충돌해온 지역이다. 동유럽의 민주화와 소련의 붕괴라는 구조적 변화, 티토 1인의 느슨한 연방제에서 연방의 권한을 강화한 집단지도체제로의 이행이라는 제도적 변화 속에서 이른바 국내적 무정부 상태가 나타나자 보스니아의 지도자들은 분열하며 피의 소용돌이 속으로 빠져들었다. 본고의 연구목적은 인종청소가 만연할 정도로 강한 폭력성이 관찰된 보스니아에 왜 갑작스러운 평화가 찾아왔는지, 분쟁은 언제, 어떠한 방법으로 평화로 전환되었고 보스니아의 평화는 지속될 수 있는지에 관한 의문을 해소하는 것이다. 본고는 보스니아의 평화 요인들을 대내적 요인과 대외적 요인으로 나누고, 전자는 정치적 요인, 경제적 요인, 이념과 문화적 요인을 중심으로, 후자는 안보적 요인을 중심으로 고찰한다. 결론적으로 보스니아 내전은 분쟁 당사자들이 데이튼 협정에 서명하는 순간 평화로 전환되었다. 이 평화가 미국이라는 외부 지도국에 의해 주어졌다는 점에서 분쟁 당사자들 간 진정한 화해와 협력을 통한 조화로운 발전이 요구된다.

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