조선시대 帖 연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Cheop (帖), the official documents of Joseon period, means the down conveying documents which were made out by the 'Cheop form' stipulated in 『Gyeong gukdaejeon (經國大典)』. Cheop includes many documents such as Chacheop (差帖, appointment letter), Hacheop (下帖, administrative order) and others that were used for evidential documents like Joheulcheop (照訖帖), Socheop (小帖), Choryocheop (草料帖), Mulgeumcheop (勿禁帖) and Gaemyeongcheop (改名帖). Those documents are same documents in that they followed 'Cheop form' but separate documents in that they contain different contents. This study examined the origin of Cheop, tried to classify Joseon period Cheops by their contents and issue purposes, and looked into the institutional and documentary characteristics of each type of Cheop.

Cheop, as far as proved up to now, was used commonly first in Chinese Tang period and used in Song, Ming and even Qing period. In case of Korea, the fact a Cheop issued in the early Goryeo period was transcribed in a tombstone tells that Cheops were used commonly, affected by China, in that period. Newly established Joseon eliminated the vestiges of Goryeo and introduced the 『Hongmuyeje (洪武禮制)』 of Ming. So, Hacheop (下帖) became to be used widely. It is confirmed that all the Hacheops, which are existing now, are appointment documents used for the grade from seven to nine. When Gyeong gukdaejeon was compiled, the name of Hacheop was changed to Cheop according to document form and document form was also changed somewhat.

Cheop can be classified by the purposes of issues largely into appointment document, evidential document and order, and be divided minutely by the purposes of issues into appointment, state examination, blank appointment letter, permission, name change and order. Cheop in the early Joseon which conformed to the 『Hongmuyeje』 were likely to be used for appointment and order, and various evidential documents were likely to be added gradually to the documents of Cheop form after the mid-Joseon period.

Each Cheop has individual characteristics in substance. Appointment Cheop can be divided into Gujeonchacheop (口傳差帖) and ordinary Chacheop. Gujeonchacheop was used to appoint unpaid officials of 7, 8 and 9 grade through oral transmission while ordinary Chacheop was used when the heads of authorities appoint officials in virtue of their offices. Evidential Cheops, which has various characteristics, usually were made out in Cheop form after the mid-Joseon and had many printed documents. State examination related Cheop was issued to certify the qualifications of applicants. Blank appointment letter related Cheop was likely to be issued to certify the receipt of payment for blank appointment letter. Choryocheop was issued when an official went a business trip. With Choryocheop, the official could receive horses. Mulgeumcheop certified the permission against prohibition and the government protection over goods transportation. Gaemyeongcheop was issued when an official applied for name change due to certain reason. Hacheop, or order, falls under the lowest level of official documents. Usually, district magistrates issued Hacheop and his country district organizations received it.

Except for Gaemyeongcheop, Choryocheop and some appointment Cheop, the recipients of Cheop, in general, were those under seven grade officials and petty officials. As Cheops were the official document issued to the lowest grade official, they could be used for various uses. It seems that Many documents issued without certain form in the early Joseon had been standardized into Cheop form documents.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

조선시대 관문서인 帖은 『經國大典』에 기재되어 있는 ‘帖式’을 따라 작성된 하행문서를 가리킨다. 그러나 帖의 전래 및 수용, 문서 행정에 있어서의 특성 및 시대적인 변천등에 대해서는 거의 밝혀진 바가 없다. 따라서 본고에서는 帖의 연원을 중국과 한국의 사료를 통해 살펴보고, 이어서 조선시대에 실제로 발급되었던 帖을 정리, 분류하고 나아가 이들 문서의 특성에 대하여 고찰하였다.

帖은 중국 唐代에서 행용되기 시작하여 宋을 거쳐 明·淸에서도 사용된 것으로 보인다. 우리나라의 경우 고려 초기에 발급된 帖이 轉寫되어 남아있어서 이 시기에 중국으로부터 영향을 받아 작성된 帖이 사용되었음을 확인할 수 있다. 조선이 건국된 후에는 고려의 遺制가 혁파되고 明의 『洪武禮制』를 도입하면서 下帖이 행용되었다. 현전하는 조선 초기의 下帖은 모두 임명문서인데 7품에서 9품직의 임명에 사용된 것이 확인된다. 『經國大典』이 편찬되면서 下帖의 명칭은 帖으로 변경되었고 문서식에도 일부 변화를 갖게 되었다.

帖은 발급목적에 따라서 크게 임명, 증빙, 명령 문서로 구분된다. 증빙의 경우에는 구체적인 발급 내용에 따라 科擧 관련, 空名帖 관련, 허가 관련, 改名 관련 문서로 세분된다. 『洪武禮制』를 따라 행용되기 시작한 조선 초기의 帖은 주로 임명과 명령의 용도로 사용되었을 것으로 보이며 조선 중기 이후에는 다양한 증빙 문서들이 점차 帖式의 문서로 수렴되었을 것으로 추정된다.

본 논문은 帖의 연원을 규명하고 분류를 통하여 帖의 기능을 밝힌다는 두 가지 측면에서 연구를 진행하였다. 그러나 연원에 대한 연구는 문헌 및 실물 자료의 부족으로 인하여 한계가 있으며, 帖의 분류 역시 관련 문헌의 부족으로 帖의 기능에 대해 충분히 규명하지 못했다. 차후 더욱 심화된 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다.