(The)archaeology coursebook : an introduction to study skills, topics, and methods

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• List of figures = xix
• Index of skills = xxii
• Acknowledgements = xxiii
• Illustration acknowledgements = xxiv
• INTRODUCTION = xxv
• Key skill : what you have to learn to be successful = xxvii
• How to use this text = xxvii
• PART Ⅰ UNDERSTANDING ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES = 1
• 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE = 3
• Key skill : successful note-taking = 4
• Desktop study = 6
• Historical documents = 6
• Maps = 8
• Key task : sourcing information = 9
• Surface surveys = 10
• Recording standing buildings = 10
• Field walking = 10
• Key study : Shapwick = 15
• Geochemical prospection = 15
• Geophysical surveys = 15
• Resistivity survey = 16
• Magnetometer surveying = 16
• Key task : test your understanding of geophysics = 18
• Other methods = 18
• Key skill : comparing methods = 19
• Aerial photography = 19
• Verticals and obliques = 19
• Shadow sites = 20
• Cropmarks = 21
• Soil marks = 23
• Remote sensing = 23
• Key skill : short questions test = 24
• 2 EXCAVATION = 25
• Why excavate? = 25
• Types of excavation = 26
• Research excavations = 26
• Key site : Avebury = 27
• Key site : Cast Henllys = 28
• Rescue excavations = 29
• Key site : Empingham, Rutland, Part 1 = 30
• Key site : The Channel Tunnel rail link = 31
• Salvage excavations = 31
• Key task : identifying the nature of an excavation = 31
• Key site : Empingham Rutland_Part 2 = 32
• Excavation strategies and the process of excavation = 33
• How to dig? = 35
• Key task : simulating quadrant excavation = 38
• Key task : testing the law of superposition = 38
• The process of excavation = 38
• Recovery of environmental material = 41
• What records do archaeologists create? = 43
• Context sheets = 45
• Plans = 45
• Section drawings = 47
• Photographs = 47
• Special cases = 49
• Recording standing buildings = 49
• Archaeology of standing buildings = 49
• Wetland archaeology = 51
• Underwater archaeology = 52
• Urban archaeology = 53
• Key task : comparative study of survey and excavation methods = 54
• Key skill : tackling structured, source-based questions = 55
• After excavation = 56
• Key task : test your understanding of methods = 56
• 3 POST-EXCAVATION ANALYSIS = 58
• Archaeometry = 59
• Is archaeology a science? = 60
• Visual examination = 61
• Scientific analysis of artefacts = 62
• Characterisation studies = 62
• Petrology = 62
• Spectrometry = 63
• X-ray fluorescence = 63
• Neutron activation analysis = 63
• Chemical analysis = 63
• Analysis of particular inorganic materials = 64
• Ceramic analysis = 64
• Lithic analysis = 65
• Metallurgical analysis = 66
• Key skill : nothing methods of analysis = 67
• Analysis of organic remains = 67
• Soil = 67
• Faunal remains = 68
• Human remains = 69
• Organic artefacts = 73
• Key site : Spitalfields Market = 73
• Plants = 74
• Plant macrofossils = 74
• Plant microfossils = 76
• Key study : the decline of the Maya = 77
• Invertebrates = 77
• After analysis = 79
• Key skill : reinforcing class learning of methods = 79
• 4 UNDERSTANDING DATING IN ARCHAEOLOGY = 80
• Historical dating = 80
• Relative dating = 81
• Typology = 81
• Seriation = 82
• Geoarchaeological dating = 84
• Obsidian hydration = 84
• Chemical dating of bones = 85
• Absolute or chronometric dating = 85
• Dendrochronology = 85
• Radiocarbon dating = 86
• Thermoluminescence = 87
• Potassium-argon dating = 88
• Other absolute dating techniques = 90
• Key task : test your grasp of dating methods = 92
• 5 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION = 93
• Transformation processes = 95
• Formation processes = 95
• Key task : understanding formation processes = 95
• Post-depositional factors = 96
• Key task : group activity on transformation processes = 99
• Recovery factors = 99
• Analysing spatial patterns = 100
• Making sense of the data = 100
• Historical accounts or documents of past societies = 100
• Key study : Iron Age Britain = 101
• Ethnography or anthropology = 101
• Actualistic studies = 102
• Why do archaeologists offer different interpretations of the past? = 104
• Key skill : applying your understanding to your course = 104
• 6 MANAGING THE PAST = 105
• Threats to archaeological remains = 105
• Global threats to archaeology = 106
• Key study : the Monuments at Risk Survey of England(MARS), 1995 = 107
• The protection of archaeological remains = 109
• Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 = 109
• Other protective legislation for sites = 110
• Key task : group exercises assessing local monuments = 110
• International protection = 110
• Protection of artefacts = 111
• Protection through the planning process : PPG 16 = 111
• The effects of PPG 16 = 113
• The language of PPG 16 = 113
• Other farms of protection = 114
• Who are the archaeologists? = 114
• Learned and excavation societies = 115
• Rescue archaeology = 115
• Archaeology today = 116
• Metal detecting = 116
• Key skill : starting to Construct arguments = 118
• Archaeological employment = 119
• 7 PRESENTING THE PAST = 120
• Which past? = 120
• The political use of archaeology = 120
• Key Study : Nazi archaeology = 121
• Archaeology and land rights = 121
• Archaeology and identity = 121
• Key studies : archaeology and Native Americans = 122
• Key skill : taking notes from contradictory sources = 123
• Kel study : Seahenge = 124
• Key task : Seahenge role play = 125
• Communicating archaeological knowledge = 125
• Key studies : different modes of communication = 126
• Archaeological communication and new technology = 127
• Key skill : assessing modes of communication using the 4 As = 128
• Applying communication issues on your course = 130
• Key study : the 'reconstructed' Anglo-Saxon village of West Stow = 131
• Key task : outlining a presentation of a site or landscape = 133
• PART Ⅱ STUDYING THEMES IN ARCHAEOLOGY = 135
• 8 RELIGION AND RITUAL = 137
• What is religion? = 138
• What is the function of religion? = 139
• Key site : the Temple of Karnak at Luxor = 140
• Detecting evidence of past beliefs and practices = 142
• Key study : Zapotec religion = 142
• What kinds of religion were there? = 143
• Major deities = 143
• Key study : Copan = 144
• Ancestral spirits = 146
• Animism = 146
• Key study : Neolithic tombs = 147
• Animatism = 149
• Religious change = 149
• Ritual activity = 150
• Rites of passage = 150
• Rites of intensification = 151
• Funerary ceremonies = 151
• Key study: the Yaxchilan Lintels = 152
• Mortuary rituals = 153
• Funerary monuments and grave goods = 154
• Identifying ritual and ritual sites = 154
• Key task : identifying ritual sites = 156
• Key study : the West Kennet timber enclosures = 156
• Key study : the of the Inscriptions Palenque = 157
• Landscape, ritual and belief = 158
• Key study : the Clava Cairns = 159
• Religious specialists = 160
• Priests and priestesses = 161
• Shamen = 162
• Key skill : developing an argument in longer pieces of writing = 164
• 9 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF SETTLEMENT = 165
• What does the archaeology of settlement cover? = 165
• Key study : Nunamuit ethnoarchaeology = 167
• Reconstructing ancient landscapes = 167
• The land surface = 169
• The environment = 169
• Key site : Hayley Wood = 170
• Identifying human use of the landscape = 170
• Site catchment analysis = 171
• Studying spatial distribution = 172
• Key study : ethnoarchaeology of modern camps in the Kalahari = 173
• Key study : Mesolithic hunt of the Trentinor = 173
• Key study : early medieval settlement in the Cotswolds = 175
• The social landscape : territory and boundaries = 176
• Key study : Bronze Age zones of influence in Wessex = 176
• Key skill : using case studies effectively = 177
• Identifying the function(s) of archaeological sites = 178
• How are different types of activity identified on archaeological sites? = 179
• Key studies : interpreting Iron Age hill forts = 180
• Key studies : Palaeolithic assemblages = 181
• Key task : linking signatures to sites = 183
• The use of space on archaeological sites = 183
• Key studies : the Mask site and Pincevent = 184
• Key study : Black Patch = 184
• Key study : Gurness = 185
• Key site : West Heslerton = 187
• Understanding structures = 188
• Key site : Butser Ancient Farm = 188
• Key skill : planning successful archaeological essays = 190
• Key skill : improving your essays = 195
• 10 MATERIAL CULTURE MID ECONOMICS = 196
• Subsistence : how did people in the past feed themselves? = 196
• Identifying the nature of exploitation = 198
• Tracing developments in human exploitation of animals = 201
• Key site : La Cotte de St Brelade = 202
• Key site : Stellmoor = 204
• Key studies : Baltic foragers of the Late Mesolithic = 205
• Key site : Tell Abu Hureyra = 206
• Identifying human exploitation of plants = 207
• Key task : contextualising the domestication debate = 209
• Storage = 211
• Key site : Knossos = 212
• Key site : Danebury = 213
• Intensification = 214
• Key site : Pulltrouser Swamp = 215
• Communications = 216
• Trade and exchange = 216
• Reciprocity = 217
• Redistribution = 218
• Market exchange = 218
• Identifying the signatures of different modes of exchange = 219
• Problems with exchange = 220
• Studying materials = 220
• Acquisition of materials = 220
• Key sites : three Mediterranean shipwrecks = 221
• Key site : Boxgrove = 224
• Manufacture = 225
• Key study : late Ice Age hunting technology = 225
• Key site : the Sweet Track = 226
• Key skill : improve your style! = 227
• Specialisatien = 227
• Identifying specialists in the archaeological record = 228
• Art = 229
• Key study : Copan = 230
• Key study : the Basse-Yutz flagons = 231
• Key studies : Palaeolithic cave art = 232
• Key skill : writing evaluative essays on concepts = 234
• 11 SOCIAL ARCHAEOLOGY = 236
• What is social archaeology? = 236
• Forms of social and political organisation = 237
• Identifying social and political organisation in the archaeological record = 239
• Key study : the Omaha = 240
• Key studies : later Bronze Age Britain and Ireland = 240
• Power and social control = 241
• The archaeology of rank and status = 241
• Key study : the Palette of Narmer = 242
• Burial evidence = 243
• Key study : Branc = 244
• Settlement evidence = 244
• Key task : investigating status and rank in your settlement = 245
• Artefactual evidence = 245
• The archaeology of gender = 245
• Human remains = 246
• Graves and grave goods = 246
• Key study: Tell Abu Hureyra = 247
• Key study: the Birdlip princess = 248
• Settlement evidence = 248
• Artistic sources = 249
• Population and ethnicity = 250
• Key sites : Pompeii and Herculaneum = 251
• Key study : Saxons and Britons = 252
• Social change = 252
• Social conflict = 254
• Warfare = 254
• Key study : Trajan's Column = 255
• Key skill : evaluation exercises = 257
• PART Ⅲ EXAMINATION SUCCESS AND BEYOND = 259
• 12 DOING AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT = 261
• How to choose a topic = 261
• It must be archaeological = 261
• You must be able to access your sources = 262
• Basic research opportunities = 264
• Sites and monuments = 264
• Example 1 : What evidence is there to suggest an Irish influence on the portal tombs of Wales? = 265
• Artefacts = 266
• Example 2 : A survey of ground and polished stone and flint axes from East Kent = 267
• Fieldwalking = 269
• Archaeology from the modern period = 269
• Example 3 : 'To what extent can a correlation be established between air photographic evidence and that revealed by fleldwalking?' = 270
• Example 4 : Industrial archaeology : the Dudley(No. 2) Canal from Selly Oak to Halesowen, Birmingharn = 272
• Experimental archaeology = 273
• Where to get help and advice = 275
• National resources = 275
• Example 5 : Sites and settlement patterns before 1900 in an Oxfordshire parish = 276
• Museums = 276
• Units = 277
• Libraries = 277
• Planning and managing time and word limits = 277
• Recording evidence = 278
• Recording sites or features = 278
• Recording excavations = 280
• Recording buildings = 280
• Recording artefacts = 280
• Writing up = 281
• Plagiarism = 281
• Presentation = 281
• Key skill : referencing = 282
• 13 PREPARING FOR YOUR ARCHAEOLOGY EXAMINATION = 283
• Cataloguing your portfolio = 283
• Reducing information onto cards = 284
• Revision activities = 286
• Mix and match = 286
• Make up mnemonics = 286
• Mindmaps = 286
• Visual reminders = 286
• Playing games = 286
• Tackling exam papers = 288
• Command words = 288
• Mark schemes = 288
• Key skill : understanding command words = 289
• Examination essays = 291
• In the exam = 291
• And finally... = 291
• Examples of marked responses to exam questions = 291
• 14 WHERE TO NEXT? STUDYING ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE UK = 296
• Below university level = 296
• GCSE Archaeology = 296
• AS and A Level Archaeology = 296
• Access to higher education = 297
• At university = 297
• Market forces = 298
• League tables = 298
• Stepping up to degree level = 299
• 15 FINDING TIE BEST INFORMATION = 301
• Twenty very useful books = 301
• Archaeology booksellers = 302
• Journals = 302
• Gateway websites = 303
• Places to visit = 303
• APPENDIX ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES = 305
• GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS = 307
• BIBLIOGRAPHY = 315
• INDEX = 319