전후 일본 경제대국화의 원점― 점령의 개혁정치 vs. 역코스 정책 ― = The Origin of the Post-War Japanese Economic Miracle: Reform Policies vs. Reverse Course in the U.S. Occupation of Japan

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

What is the impact of the seven years of U.S. occupation on Japan's economic development? The initial occupation policy aimed at ensuring that Japan does not pose another military threat to the international community. Accordingly, the GHQ promoted some reform-oriented economic policies, such as war reparation, the dissolution of chaebol, and anti-trust policies. However, after the reverse course, U.S.'s top priority was on the stabilization and recovery of Japan’s economy, and the government adopted policies such as cancellation of reparation schemes, protection of chaebol, cancellation of economic purge, and Dodge Plan.
The following conclusions can be reached on the starting point of post-war Japan's economic situation. First, controversy continued over the impact of the U.S. occupation policy on Japan's economic recovery and rapid growth. In particular, the economic achievements of the GHQ's reform policies and the reverse course policy of Dodge Line cannot be determined. Second, there is no doubt that the Korean War acted as a catalyst in Japan's economic recovery. Third, there was an agreement among historians that the conservative alliance and the government-led industrial policy were the top contributors to Japan's rapid growth after the conclusion of peace treaty.
The effects of the reverse course policy can be said to be more pronounced in political areas, such as formation of class cartels that enabled industrial policy after the end of occupation rather than the end of economic policies like Dodge line.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

미국의 대일점령 7년이 일본 경제대국화에 미친 영향은 무엇일까? 점령 초기의 정책들은 일본이 국제사회에 군사적 위협이 되지 않도록 하는 것을 최대 목표로 하였다. 그에 따라 GHQ는 전후배상, 재벌해체, 반독점정책 등의 개혁적인 경제정책들을 추진하였다. 그런데 역코스로 전환 이후 일본의 안정과 경제회복을 최우선 목표로 하면서 배상취소, 재벌보호, 공직추방의 취소, 닷지 플랜 등 채택되었다.
전후 일본의 경제회복과 고도성장의 출발점에 대해 다음과 같은 결론을 내릴 수 있다. 첫째, 미국 대일점령 정책이 일본의 경제회복과 고도성장에 미친 영향에 대해서는 지금도 논란이 계속되고 있다. 특히 GHQ의 개혁정책들과 역코스 정책인 닷지 라인의 경제적 성과도 단정할 수 없다. 둘째, 한국전쟁이 일본 경제회복의 기폭제였다는 점에는 의심의 여지가 없다. 셋째, 미일강화 이후 일본의 고도성장에는 보수연대와 정부주도의 산업정책이 일등공신이었음은 역사학자들 사이에 합의가 형성되어 있다.
역코스 정책의 효과는 닷지 라인과 같은 경제정책 보다 점령의 종료 이후 산업정책을 가능하게 한 계급적 카르텔의 형성과 같은 정치 분야에서 더 두드러진다고 할 수 있다.

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