장애의 사회적 모델을 둘러싼 손상 논쟁 고찰 = A Review of the Impairment Debate Surrounding the Social Model of Disability

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은 장애의 사회적 모델을 둘러싼 손상 논쟁을 비판적으로 검토하여 후속 논의의 토대를 제공하는 것에 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 먼저 사회적 모델의 개요와 이 모델이 손상 문제를 논의에서 배제한 과정을 살펴본 후 이를 비판한 2세대 장애학의 주요 이론들을 문헌 연구를 통해 분석하였다. 여성주의 장애학자들은 손상의 개인적 경험을 장애학에서 공론화하기 시작했으나, 사회적 모델의 기조를 유지하면서 개인적 요소를 강조함으로써 사회적 모델 본연의 의미를 약화시키는 한계를 보였다. 후기구조주의자들은 손상 또한 담론의 구성물임을 강조하면서 범주화의 문제와 정체성 정치의 폐해를 예리하게 비판했으나, 관찰자로 머무르며 개선안을 마련하는 데는 무력한 모습을 보였다. 손상의 사회학은 장애의 체현의 측면을 논하고 손상의 사회적, 문화적 의미를 부각시켰으나, 지나치게 문화적으로 경도되어서 장애 현상의 사회경제적 측면을 간과했다는 한계를 지닌다. 비판적 실재론은 손상 논쟁에서 쟁점화된 다양한 사안들을 포괄적으로 연구할 수 있는 장을 제공하나 현재로선 손상의 실재성을 분명히 했다는 것 이외의 별다른 성과를 내지 못하고 있다. 이상의 논의들은 다양한 차원에서 장애에 대한 인식의 지평을 넓혀주었지만, 지나치게 상이한 존재론적, 이론적, 방법론적 토대 위에서 각기 다른 지향점을 가지고 논의를 전개하고 있어서 이들을 통합하거나 모든 입장을 포괄하는 새로운 모델을 구성하는 작업은 쉽지 않아 보인다. 본 연구에서는 그러한 통합적 작업을 포함한 후속 논의의 토대를 제공하기 위해, 사회적 모델을 둘러싼 손상 논쟁의 쟁점들, 그리고 각 입장의 의미와 한계를 비판적으로 검토하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this paper is to provide a basis for further discussions in the area of disability studies by critically examining the impairment debate surrounding the social model of disability. This paper demonstrates how the social model excludes the concept of impairment from the discussion on disability and then critically analyzes the major theories of the second generation of disability studies. Feminist disability scholars began publicizing the importance of personal experiences of impairment in disability studies, but by simply adding individual aspects to the social model, they demonstrated limitations in weakening the original meaning of the social model. Post-structuralists sharply criticize the problem of categorization and identity politics, emphasizing that impairment is likewise a construct of discourse, but they remain observers and are helpless to develop solutions. The sociology of impairment underscores the aspect of the embodiment of disability and emphasizes the social and cultural meaning of impairment, but it has a limitation in that it overlooks the socioeconomic aspect of disability because it is too culturally inclined. Critical realism provides on opportunity to comprehensively address various issues raised in the impairment debate, but at present, it has produced no significant results other than clarifying the ontological reality of impairment. Although the aforementioned discussions have broadened the horizon of the understanding of disability in various dimensions, they were developed with various orientations on significantly different ontological, theoretical, and methodological foundations, so it is difficult to develop a synthesis or even a new model that encompasses all the positions. What is needed at least at this point is to examine the issues raised in the impairment debate and to clearly understand the strength and weaknesses or each position.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. 서론 2. 사회적 모델의 손상 이해: 손상과 장애의 이분법 3. 여성주의 장애학자들의 시각 4. 후기구조주의적 시각 5. 손상의 사회학적 시각 6. 비판적 실재론적 시각 7. 결론

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 이남인, "후설과 메를로-퐁티 지각의 현상학" 한길사 2020
• 2 B. Hughes, "푸코와 장애의 통치" 그린비 21-50, 2020
• 3 B. Hughes, "푸코와 장애의 통치" 그린비 117-134, 2020
• 4 Judith Butler, "젠더 트러블: 페미니즘과 정체성의 전복" 문학동네 2008
• 5 Michael Oliver, "장애화의 정치" 대구 DPI 2006
• 6 C. Barnes, "장애학의 오늘을 말하다: 차별에 맞서 장애 담론이 걸어온 길" 그린비 12-39, 2017
• 7 B. Hughes, "장애학의 오늘을 말하다: 차별에 맞서 장애 담론이 걸어온 길" 그린비 104-134, 2017
• 8 杉野 昭博, "장애학 – 이론형성과 과정" 한국장애인단체총연합회 2010
• 9 Danermark, B., "새로운 사회과학방법론: 비판적 실재론의 접근" 한울 2005
• 10 이주화, "사회구성주의적 장애 연구의 비판적 고찰: 상대주의와 반실재론적 성격을 중심으로" 한국특수교육문제연구소 22 (22): 23-50, 2021
• 11 A. Collier, "비판적 실재론: 로이 바스카의 과학철학" 후마니타스 2010
• 12 "https://disability-studies.leeds.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/library/Crow-exploring-the-d ivide-ch4.pdf"
• 13 Kirby, Vicki, "When all that is solid melts into language: Judith Butler and the question of matter" 7 (7): 265-280, 2002
• 14 Meekosha, Helen, "What’s so ‘critical’ about critical disability studies?" 15 (15): 47-75, 2009
• 15 Oliver, Michael, "Understanding Disability: From theory to practice" Palgrave Macmillan 2009
• 16 Finkelstein, Vic, "The ‘social model of disability’ and the disability movement"
• 17 Finkelstein, Vic, "The social model of disability repossessed"
• 18 Hughes, Bill, "The social model of disability and the disappearing body: towards a sociology of impairment" 12 (12): 325-340, 1997
• 19 Oliver, Mike, "The emerging field of disability studies: a view from britain" 2000
• 20 Leder, Drew, "The absent body" University of Chicago Press 1990
• 21 Danermark, Berth, "Social justice: redistribution and recognition – a non-reductionist perspective on disability" 19 (19): 339-353, 2004
• 22 Willig, Carla, "Social constructionism, discourse and realism" SAGE Publications 91-104, 1998
• 23 Barnes, Colin, "Routledge handbook of disability studies" Routledge 12-29, 2014
• 24 Honneth, Axel, "Recognition or dredistribution? Changing perspectives on the moral order or society" 18 (18): 43-55, 2001
• 25 GLAD, "Reclaiming the social model of disability Conference report" Greater London Action on Disability 2000
• 26 Morris, Jenny, "Pride against Prejudice: Transforming attitudes to disability" New Society Publishers 1991
• 27 Gabel, Susan, "Presage of a paradigm shift? Beyond the social model of disability toward resistance theories of disability" 19 (19): 585-600, 2004
• 28 Benton, Ted, "Philosophy of social science: The philosohpical foundations of social thought" Palgrave Macmillan 2010
• 29 Tremain, Shelley, "On the government of disability" 27 (27): 617-636, 2001
• 30 Bhaskar, Roy, "Metatheory, Interdisciplinarity and disability research: A critical realist perspective" 8 (8): 278-297, 2006
• 31 Crossely, Nick, "Merleau-Ponty, the elusive body and carnal sociology" 1 (1): 43-63, 1995
• 32 Hughes, Bill, "Medicine and the aesthetic invalidation of disabled people" 15 (15): 555-568, 2000
• 33 Williams, Simon, "Is anybody there? Critical realism, chronic illness and the disability debate" 21 (21): 797-819, 1999
• 34 Danermark, Berth, "Interdisciplinary research and critical realism: The example of disability research" 5 (5): 56-64, 2002
• 35 Morris, Jenny, "Impairment and Disability: Constructing an ethics of care that promotes human rights" 16 (16): 1-16, 2001
• 36 Dalley, G., "Ideologies of caring: Rethinking community and collectivism" Macmillan 1988
• 37 Thomas, Carol, "How is disability understood? An examination of sociological approaches" 19 (19): 569-583, 2004
• 38 UPIAS, "Fundamental principles of disability" Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation 1976
• 39 Morris, Jenny, "Feminism and disability" 43 : 57-70, 1993
• 40 Thomas, Carol, "Female forms: experiencing and understanding disability" Open University Press 1999
• 41 Oliver, Mike, "Exploring the divide" The Disability Press 29-54, 1996
• 42 Bury, Mike, "Exploring the divide" The Disability Press 18-38, 1996
• 43 Crow, Liz, "Exploring the divide" The Disability Press 55-72, 1996
• 44 French, Sally, "Disabling Barriers-Enabling Environments" SAGE Publications 17-25, 1993
• 45 Oliver, Mike, "Disabling Barriers – Enabling Environments" Sage 7-12, 2004
• 46 Finkelstein, Vic, "Disabling Barriers – Enabling Environments" SAGE Pbulications 13-20, 2004
• 47 Thomas, Carol, "Disabling Barriers – Enabling Environments" Sage 21-27, 2004
• 48 Price, Janet, "Disability/ postmodernity. Embodying disability theory" Continuum 62-75, 2002
• 49 Barnes, Colin, "Disability, politics and poverty in a majority world context" 25 (25): 771-782, 2010
• 50 Oliver, Michael, "Disability, Politics & The Struggle for Change" David Fulton Publishers 149-159, 2001
• 51 Siebers, Tobin, "Disability theory" University of Michigan Press 2008
• 52 Goodley, Dan, "Disability studies: an interdisciplinary introduction" Sage 2017
• 53 Shakespeare, Tom, "Disability rights and wrongs" Routledge 2014
• 54 Oliver, Mike, "Disability and Society" Routledge 18-42, 1996
• 55 Waldschmidt, Anne, "Disability Studies: zur Einführung" Junius 2020
• 56 Hughes, Bill, "Disability Studies and phenomenology: the carnal politics of everyday life" 14 (14): 597-610, 1999
• 57 Shakespeare, Tom, "Debating disability" 34 (34): 11-14, 2008
• 58 Oliver, Mike, "Current issues: The social model of disability: thirty years on" 28 (28): 1024-1026, 2013
• 59 Shildrick, Margret, "Breaking the boundaries of the broken body" 2 (2): 93-113, 1996
• 60 Finkelstein, Vic, "Attitudes and disabled people: Issues for discussion" World Rehabilitation Fund 1980
• 61 Vehmas, Simo, "Arguing about disability: philosophical perspectives" Routledge 57-73, 2009
• 62 Blaikie, Norman, "Approaches to social Enquiry" Polity Press 2007
• 63 Finkelstein, Vic, "A personal journey into disability politics"
• 64 Hughes, Bill, "A historical sociology of disability: human validity and invalidity from antiquity to early modernity" Routledge 2020