조세포탈행위에 대한 처벌제도 연구 = A study on the punishment system for tax evasion act
Today's states are called tax states (Steuerstaat). States need a lot of resources to carry out various national tasks and duties, most of which are done by tax revenue. States have various income sources in addition to the tax revenue, but the size of other income than the tax revenue is relatively small. Thus, taxation is the financial basis for states to exist.
However, the expansion of the national functions and the increase of the tax revenue inevitably lead to an increase tax burden ratio of the people, and the excessive tax burden acts as trigger factors of tax avoidance or tax evasion. In other words, taxpayers attempt to minimize or avoid tax liabilities through acts that appear to be legitimate by abusing the possibility of the formation of law in order to reduce the high tax burden. Furthermore, they try to prevent the state from exercising the taxation by hiding or concealing the fact, even though the tax liability is established by satisfying the facts of the taxation. In other words, they commit tax evasion through fraud or unjust practices.
In the current law, tax evasion by fraudulent or unjust acts can be prosecuted in accordance with the tax punishment law or the Additional Punishment Law on Specific Crimes. According to the Basic Law for National Taxes, it stipulates additional tax on false return to prevent reduction or infringement on national tax income and secure taxation claims. Besides, it guarantees the recovery of infringed tax revenue by setting a long-term exclusion period for tax evasion trials.
In Korea, the punishment system for tax offenses including tax evasion behaviors has continuously revised and supplemented. However, the tax punishment system still has many problems as follows.
First, the punishment rules are not systematic and complex. It is desirable to strictly punish tax evasion trials and to make sanctions on the breaches of the taxation administration obligations through administrative penalties. While such a direction is maintained in the revision of taxation related laws internationally, we have redundant sections on tax evasion through the Additional Punishment Law on Specific Crimes for high amount tax evasion and Additional Tax for False Return in Tax Law, although tax evasion is defined as ‘trial to evade tax by fraudulent or unjust acts’.
Second, sentencing guidelines for tax evasion behaviors have problems. The Additional Punishment Law on Specific Crimes has been criticized by scholars studying tax evasion because of excessive sentencing and the existence of this law has been doubted. For example, it stipulates "If the amount of the evaded tax, the refunded tax, or the amount not collected or not paid is more than one billion won per year, the person shall be imprisoned indefinitely or for not less than five years." The court sentence is too high to enforce and the gap of sentence under the baseline amount and over the baseline amount is too big. When looking into court sentences stipulated in the laws in other major countries, it is found that no other countries stipulate indefinite imprisonment sentence for tax evaders.
Although the court sentence is stipulated as high, in terms of operations, there are many dispositions not to institute public actions and the proportion of imprisonment is very low. Mostly fines are imposed on them. Therefore, it does not give any warning to people although tax crimes are more malicious than administrative crimes. Provisions specifying strict sentences may have effects to give warnings to people against immoral tax evasion but it may give excessive discretion to the court’s ruling. Therefore, there is an issue of improvement.
Third, there is a problem in the process of punishment for tax evasion. The investigation and decision making should be processed by the legitimate and fair procedures. It is important for the state to demonstrate a willingness to punish tax evasion through specialized investigations to raise the indictment rate on tax crimes. Tax evasion is a crime that requires professional knowledge in the process of investigation and punishment because it is complicated to prove the crime unlike general crimes and furthermore it has great impacts on the social life of the people. As in case of tax crimes related to properties in foreign countries or illegal funds, or transnational tax crimes, it is very difficult to collect and verify evidences of the crime major countries do their best to investigate diverse and intelligent tax crimes through many investigative personnel and special investigative agencies. On the other hand, we do not make such efforts so institutional supplementation should be made to make such efforts.
On the other hand, the following suggestions are made to improve the punishment system based on the problems of the current system to punish tax evasion.
First, laws for tax criminal punishment have been fully amended since 2010 and the sentences came to reflect the reality. It is doubtable if we should have Article 8 of The Law on Aggravated Punishment of Specific Crimes for tax evaders. It is better to incorporate Article 8 of The Law on Aggravated Punishment of Specific Crimes with Article 3 of Tax Criminal Punishment Law and to make the tax penalty balanced with other penalties.
Second, redundant sanctions on tax evasion because of punishment according to the The Law on Aggravated Punishment of Specific Crimes and fraud additional tax for False Return can be improved as follows; (1) if punishment is chosen, fraud additional tax should not be applied, or (2) if punishment is determined as fine or fine is added on the imprisonment, fraud additional tax equivalent to fine would be refunded.
Third, most of countries stipulate the maximum sentence such as less than 5 years’ imprisonment in USA and Germany, less than 10 years’ (5 years’) imprisonment in Japan, and less than 7 years’ imprisonment in UK. However, Korea stipulates indefinite imprisonment or more than 5 years’ imprisonment when the evaded tax amount exceeds 1 billion won according to The Law on Aggravated Punishment of Specific Crimes. It is an excessive punishment rule that does not fit the reality. It is necessary to downward the sentence while stipulating the upper limit of the sentence.
Fourth, in order to increase the lower prosecution rate comparing to other countries, it is necessary to conduct detailed and specialized investigation of tax offenses and impartial and just judicial proceedings from the beginning to the judgment. In addition, it is important for the state to demonstrate a willingness to punish tax evasion through specialized investigations to raise the indictment rate on tax crimes.
Alternatively, for fair and objective law enforcement, it is required to separate the investigation determination and the disposition determination on the investigation of the tax offense of the tax investigation committee, to recruit professional investigators for tax crimes, and to establish the Bureau of Investigation for Tax Infringement in National Tax Office like other advanced countries. It is also desirable to improve the system to allow taxpayers to make remedial actions against the disposition of notification by tax penalty investigation deliberation committee.
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