서기 1세기 말, 브리타니아 속주의 스테인게이트(Stanegate) 가도 건설 배경 연구 = A Study of the Background to the Construction of the Stanegate in the Province of Britannia at the End of the 1st Century AD

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 연구는 하드리아누스 성벽 인근의 스테인게이트(Stanegate) 가도와 그 변경 방어 체계에 대해 고찰한다. 스테인게이트는 칼라일(Carlisle)과 코브릿지(Corbridge)를 연결하는 로마 시대의 가도이다. 스테인게이트 변경 방어 체계는 트라야누스 황제 시기에 건설되었다는 기존 견해가 있었으나, 1970~80년대 학자들은 증거 부족을 이유로 반박했다. 21세기에 들어서 호지슨(N. Hodgson)과 브리즈(D. J. Breeze)는 새로운 고고학 자료를 통해 로마가 86년에서 105년 사이에 칼레도니아에서 철수하면서 솔웨이-타인(Solway-Tyne) 선에 105년경 스테인게이트 변경 방어 체계를 구축했음을 밝혀냈다. 최근에는 이 변경 방어 체계의 연장선으로 보이는 군사시설들이 추가로 발견되었다. 호지슨과 풀터(J. Poulter)는 스테인게이트 가도가 110년대 말 이후에 건설되었을 가능성까지 제시했지만, 잉글랜드 북부와 스코틀랜드 일대 대부분의 로마 유적이 아그리콜라 총독 시기(77~84년)에 기원을 두고 있는 점을 고려할 때, 스테인게이트 가도 역시 105년 이후보다는 이 시기에 이미 건설되었을 가능성이 크다. 특히, 81년 아그리콜라의 히베르니아(아일랜드) 원정을 위해 건설되었을 가능성이 높다. 첫째, 타키투스의 기록에 따르면 아그리콜라가 휘하 주력 부대를 히베르니아 방면으로 집결시켰다는 점. 둘째, 스테인게이트 가도가 브리타니아 남부와 갈리아에서 타인 강으로 모인 군수물자를 솔웨이 만으로 신속하게 보낼 수 있는 간선 도로였다는 점. 셋째, 주요 요새들은 아그리콜라 시기에 이미 건설되어 있었기 때문에 요새 간 교통을 위한 가도도 존재했을 가능성이 크다는 점이다. 결론적으로, 스테인게이트 변경 방어 체계는 105년경 솔웨이-타인 선에 구축되었지만, 군사적 목적의 스테인게이트 가도는 81년 아그리콜라의 히베르니아 원정을 위해 건설되었을 가능성이 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study examines the Stanegate road and its frontier defence system near Hadrian's Wall. The Stanegate road is a Roman-era road that connects Carlisle and Corbridge. While the traditional view held that the Stanegate frontier defense system was constructed during the reign of Emperor Trajan(98~117), scholars in the 1970s and 1980s refuted this due to a lack of evidence. In the 21st century, N. Hodgson and D. J. Breeze, using new archaeological data, revealed that as the Romans withdrew from Caledonia between 86 and 105, they established the Stanegate frontier defense system along the Solway-Tyne line around 105. Recent discoveries of military installations suggested the extension of this defense system. Hodgson and J. Poulter even proposed the possibility that the Stanegate road was constructed after the late 110s. However, considering that most Roman sites in Northern England and Scotland originated during the governorship of Agricola (77-84), it is more likely that the Stanegate road was built during this period. Specifically, it is plausible that the road was constructed in 81 for Agricola's campaign in Hibernia (Ireland). This hypothesis is supported by three points: first, according to Tacitus, Agricola concentrated his main forces towards Hibernia; second, the Stanegate road served as a main route for swiftly transporting supplies from southern Britannia and Gaul to the Solway Firth via the River Tyne; third, major forts were already constructed during Agricola's time, indicating the probable existence of roads connecting these forts. In conclusion, while the Stanegate frontier defense system was established around 105 along the Solway-Tyne line, the Stanegate road was likely built earlier, in 81, for Agricola's Hibernian campaign.

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