개리슨을 넘어서: 노예제폐지운동의 프런티어와 “서부노예제폐지론” = Beyond Garrison: A Frontier of Abolitionist Movement and Western Abolitionism

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Abolitionism provided core constitutional ideas to what one writer has called the “Third Constitution”: the Thirteenth through Fifteenth Amendments. From abolitionist constitutional ideals embedded in section one of the Fourteenth Amendment, there emerged some principal trends of constitutional development in the century after the Civil War: equality before the law, protection for the privileges and immunities of national and state citizenship, and substantive due process. No historian of abolitionism can afford to ignore William Lloyd Garrison, because he was one who initiated modern abolitionist movement based on the principle of immediate, unconditional, and total abolition in the early 1830s. Since major antislavery societies, such as New England Anti-Slavery Society (1832), American Anti-Slavery Society(1833), and American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (1840), were located in New England and New York, in addition, it is no surprise that East-centered abolitionist movement represented a general American abolitionist movement. Due to these reasons, there is historiographical trend that the presumed failure of Garrisonian abolitionist movement is considered the total failure of abolitionist movement. As a result, the influence of abolitionist movement on the outbreak of the Civil War and the constitutional revolution has been considerably underestimated or minimized and, instead, sectionalism, economic and social differences, and states’ rights system have been overestimated as a cause of the Civil War. Furthermore, claiming that antisouthernism and racism, rather than racial equality and constitutional liberty, were dominant in the ideology of the antislavery movement, some historians raised doubts about the authenticity of the abolitionist movement. However, this historiographical trend is biased in that it tend to assume only one abolitionist movement which was East-centered and suffered from factionalism. In fact, there was another abolitionist movement which was developed in the West, especially in Ohio: Western abolitionist movement based on Western abolitionism. Ohio was a frontier of liberty and abolitionist movement as well as a geographical frontier in the West, for she was a border state neighbored with slave states such as Kentucky and Virginia. In this border region, the political rhetoric of abolition of slavery in the South was ineffective and even meaningless. On the contrary, frontier abolitionists managed to ‘pioneer’ the very least constitutional liberty and racial justice. Therefore, western abolitionism was inevitable to the frontier abolitionist in some sense. The western abolitionist movement based on the personal liberty politics focused on the fugitive slave issue including federal and state fugitive slave laws. In the history of western abolitionism, the adoption of by the 37th General Assembly of Ohio of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1839 as an “ultra anti-abolition” measure was a turning point. The state Fugitive Slave Law was the most alarming and menacing anti-abolitionist measure in that it set up a comprehensive system of suppression of Ohio abolitionists and provided extensive protection to the slaveowners’ right to reclaim fugitive slaves in Ohio with the assistance of state law enforcement. By infuriating Ohioans in general, and abolitionists in particular, as a symbol of the full-scale invasion of the Slave Power to undermine Ohio’s republican ideals and heritage of freedom, the 1839 Fugitive Slave Law whipped antislavery advocates into intense agitation for its repeal in the early 1840s and the adoption of personal liberty laws in 1857. In the process, the Ohio political abolitionists, such as James G. Birney, Gamaliel Bailey, Salmon P. Chase, Benjamin F. Wade, and James M. Ashley, developed its own antislavery constitutional ideas, ultimately contributing the creation of the “Third Constitution.”

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 손세호, "주요 노예제폐지론자의 헌법해석: 개리슨, 필립스, 더글러스" 한국미국사학회 35 : 33-57, 2012
• 2 허현, "남북전쟁의 급진적 전환: 연방 인신자유정치의 확립을 중심으로" 한국미국사학회 39 : 39-76, 2014
• 3 Asa J. Davis, "“The George Latimer Case” A Benchmark in the Struggle for Freedom”" Rutgers University
• 4 Leonard L. Richards, "“Gentlemen of Property and Standing”: Anti-Abolition Mobs in Jacksonian America" Oxford University Press 92-100, 1970
• 5 James Brewer Stewart, "WilliamLloyd Garrison and the Challenge of Emancipation" H. Davidson 1992
• 6 William C. Cochran, "The Western Reserve and the Fugitive Slave Law: A Prelude to the Civil War" 72-73, 1972
• 7 Gore Vidal, "The United States Constitution: Two Hundred Years of Anti-Federalist Abolitionist, Feminist, Muckraking, Progressive, and Especially Socialist Criticism" New York University Press Books 163-, 1990
• 8 William M. Wiecek, "The Sources of Antislavery Constitutionalism in America, 1760-1848" Cornell University Press 1977
• 9 Don. E. Fehrenbacher, "The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government’s Relations to Slavery" Oxford University Press 245-, 2001
• 10 "The Philanthropist"
• 11 Francis Weisenburger, "The Passing of the Frontier, 1825-1850" Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society 374-375, 1941
• 12 Robert Price, "The Ohio Anti-Slavery Convention of 1836" 45 : 184-, 1936
• 13 Benjamin Franklin Morris, "The Life of Thomas Morris: Pioneer and Long a Legislator of Ohio, and U. S. Senator from 1833 to 1839" 1856
• 14 Theodore Clarke Smith, "The Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest" Longmans 32-33, 1967
• 15 Joseph G. Rayback, "The Liberty Party Leaders of Ohio: Exponents of Antislavery Coalition" 57 : 165-178, 1948
• 16 John L. Thomas, "The Liberator:William Lloyd Garrison" Little Brown 1963
• 17 Stuart C. Henry, "The Lane Rebels: A Twentieth Century Look" 49 (49): 1-14, 1971
• 18 Robert H. Abzug, "The Influence of Garrisonian Abolitionists’ Fears of Slave Violence on the Antislavery Argument, 1829-40" 55 (55): 15-26, 1970
• 19 Hugh H. Davis, "The Failure of Political Abolitionism" 6 (6): 1973
• 20 Stephen Middleton, "The Black Laws: Race and the Legal Process in Early Ohio" Ohio University Press 82-, 2005
• 21 Stephen Middleton, "The Black Laws in the Old Northwest: A Documentary History" Greenwood Press 15-18, 1993
• 22 John R. McKivigan, "The Antislavery ‘Comeouter’ Sects: A Neglected Dimension of the Abolitionist Movement" 26 : 142-160, 1980
• 23 Joseph R. Swan, "Statues of the State of Ohio of a General Nature"
• 24 John Craig Hammond, "Slavery, Freedom, and Expansion in the Early American West" University of Virginia Press 144-, 2007
• 25 John A. Neuenschwander, "Senator Thomas Morris: Antagonist of the South, 1836-1839" 32 : 130-, 1974
• 26 William B. Hesseltine, "Sectionalism and Regionalism in American History" 26 (26): 28-, 1960
• 27 "Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 41 U.S. 539 (U.S. 1842)"
• 28 Leonard Erickson, "Politics and Repeal of Ohio’s Black Laws, 1837-1849" 82 (82): 154-175, 1973
• 29 Stephen Kantrowitz, "More than Freedom: Fighting for Black Citizenship in a White Republic, 1829-1889" The Penguin Press 205-, 2012
• 30 Aileen S. Kaditor, "Means and Ends in American Abolitionism: Garrison and His Critics on Strategy and Tactics, 1834-1850" Pantheon Books 1969
• 31 Gilbert H. Barnes, "Letters of Theodore Dwight Weld, Angelina Grimké Weld, and Sarah Grimké, 1822-1844 Vol I" Peter Smith 184-194, 1965
• 32 Betty L. Fladeland, "James G. Birney’s Anti-Slavery Activities in Cincinnati, 1835-1837" 9 (9): 253-265, 1951
• 33 William Birney, "James G. Birney and His Times: The Genesis of the Republican Party, with Some Account of Abolition Movements in the South before 1828" D. Appleton and Company 1890
• 34 Jonathan H. Earle, "Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil, 1824-1854" The University of North Carolina Press 146-149, 2004
• 35 James Brewer Stewart, "Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery" Hill and Wang 1976
• 36 Harriet Hyman Alonso, "Growing Up Abolitionists: The Story of the Garrison Children" University of Massachusetts Press 2002
• 37 Stanley Harrold, "Gamaliel Bailey and Antislavery Union" The Kent State University Press xii-, 1986
• 38 Leo Alilunas, "Fugitive Slave Cases in Ohio Prior to 1850" 49 : 166-172, 1940
• 39 Eric Foner, "Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War" Oxford University Press 1970
• 40 Thomas D. Morris, "Free Men All: The Personal Liberty Laws of the North, 1780-1861" The Johns Hopkins University Press 1974
• 41 Vernon L. Volpe, "Forlorn Hope of Freedom: The Liberty Party in the Old Northwest, 1838-1848" The Kent State University Press 1990
• 42 Stanley C. Harrold, Jr., "Forging an Antislavery Instrument: Gamaliel Bailey and the Foundation of the Ohio Liberty Party" 2 (2): 12371-387, 1976
• 43 Victor B. Howard, "Conscience and Slavery: The Evangelistic Calvinist Domestic Missions, 1837-1861" Kent State University Press 13-14, 1990
• 44 "Cincinnati Weekly and Philanthropist, Jan 1, 1836"
• 45 "Cincinnati Daily Gazette, June 22, 1838"
• 46 Bruce Laurie, "Beyond Garrison: Antislavery and Social Reform" Cambridge University Press 2005
• 47 Richard H. Sewell, "Ballots for Freedom: Antislavery Politics in the United States, 1837-1860" Oxford University Press 1976
• 48 Ronald G. Walters, "Antislavery Appeal: American Abolitionism after 1830" The Johns Hopkins University Press 11-13, 1976
• 49 Henry Mayer, "All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery" St. Martin’s Press 1998
• 50 Walter McIntosh Merrill, "Against Wind and Tide: A Biography of William Lloyd Garrison" Harvard University Press 1963