KCI등재
Toleration and Reason-Giving
저자
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1984
작성언어
English
KDC
840.000
등재정보
KCI등재
자료형태
학술저널
발행기관 URL
수록면
167-180(14쪽)
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Granting that with examples like 3 there will be overlapping, it is still possible to distinguish four basic types of toleration.
1. Procedural-Methodlogical Toleration
The purpose of this form of toleration is to help those who tolerate to gain insights-to go from the unknown to the known. This toleration is temporary, brings about change mainly in the one who tolerates, is behavioral in nature, consequentialist, and extensive(i.e., it is greater rather than lesser since in most examples of this form of toleration, judgments are suspinded completely). this form of toleration is applicable both to individuals and groups, both as to those who tolerate and those who are tolerated.
2. Tactical-Empirical Toleration
The purpose of this form of toleration is to bring about a change toa state which is known and predictable. Of necessity this form is temporary, behavioral, consequentialist, varying in degree(‥but probably greater than lesser in degree), applicable both to individuals and groups in that those employing the tactics can be individuals or groups, and those tolerated can be individuals or groups.
3. Personal-Prudential Toleration
The purpose of this form is to reflect settled personal preferences, via prudential calculations already arrived at. Thus this form of toleration tends to be permanent, but can be either consequentialist or not. It is primarily behavioral (but not infrequently is attitudinal) and can be greater or lesser in degree. In addition it can be applied, especially in its prudential form, to groups as well as to individuals.
4. Normative Toleration
The purpose of this form of toleration is to reflect tolerating judgments(or) preferences, without any special reference to the tolerating person or group. Because these judgments are settled, they tend to be permanent. They are also behavioral and can apply to individuals or groups. In addition to the four basic types of toleration, a series of characteristics or dimensions can be identified which attach to all or most of the four basic types:
1. Temporary (e.g., most procedural and tactical forms of toleration) vs. Permanent(e.g., normative toleration based on rights. especially as in ‘We should be tolerant because, after all. each of us has right to speak freely’) Toleration.
a. A change in the one(those) tolerating (e.g., ‘We should tolerate for now since I'm sure we'll get used to their ways’) vs. a change in the one(those) tolerated(e.g., ‘If’we're tolerant now, they will settle down and not raise quite so much fuss').
b. A change where he toleration is the reason for the change(e.g., ‘Our tolerant behavior will set an example to them and they will, as a result, change their ways’) vs a change where the toleration is only the cause or only a condition which permits the change to take place (e.g., ‘If we are tolerant, we will have time to gain some perspective on this issue and decide how to deal with it later’).
2. Consequential vs Non-Consequential Toleration.
Within this group on the consequential side there can be predictable (e.g., as in tactical) toleration vs. unpredictable (e.t., as in procedural toleration) consequences.
3. Attitudinal (e.g., I am not bothered by the way they do things in the Army the way I used to be. I have learned to be tolerant.) vs. Behavioral (e.g., ‘I toleate his heavy drinking, but what I'd really like to do is kick his…’) Toleration.
4. Greater(e.g., ‘He is a very tolerant person’or ‘I have no real trouble putting up with his peculiar ways’) vs. Lesser (e.g., ‘I can hardly stand him’) Toleration.
5. Individual vs. Group Toleration.
There are various combinations here. Individuals can tolerate groups, groups can tolerate individuals, groups can tolerate other gorups and individuals can tolerate other individuals. Within this kind of toleration there can be
a. Toleration of and by individuals in a group(e.g., Catholics tolerating small groups of Protestants living in the neighborhood) vs. toleration of and by groups(institutions) themselves(e.g., the Catholic Church tolerating the presence of Eastern Orthodox Churches in a predominantly Catholic country).
b. Toleration internal to the group(e.g., We tolerate some diversity within the order) vs. toleration external to the group(e.g., We tolerate other faiths).
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