KCI등재
西太后와 淸朝末期의 政情 = The Empress Dowager and Political Situation At the End of the Ch'ing Dynasty
저자
秋憲樹 (淑明女子大學校 講師)
발행기관
淑明女子大學校 亞細亞女性問題硏究所(Research Center For Asian Women Sook Myung Women's University)
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1962
작성언어
Korean
KDC
337.000
등재정보
KCI등재
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
85-114(30쪽)
제공처
소장기관
In this article, I tried to describe the life of the Express Dowager and China's political problems under her reign for more than half a century.
This article consists of eight items, that is to say, eight chapters. The Chapter One dealt with youth of Yehonala, Empress Dowager and the general situation of Manchu dynasty as an introduction. I suppose the several names and titles of the Empress Dowager may certainly raise so much confusion to readers that 1 should like to explain this issue in some detail,
Yehonala was her family or clan name, By Yehonala she was known to the world of Peking before and at the time of her selection for the imperial harem. In the Palace, until her accession, to the rank of Empress Mother(Empress of the West), she was still Yehonala, but more usually described as the Yi concubine, As co-Regent and Empress Mother, her official designation, imperially decreed, was Tzu Hsi(慈禧) to which many other honorifics were added. To the mass of the people she was either the Empress or the Old Buddha, and towards the end of her reign thislast affectionately respectful title was universally used in the North.
The family of Ychonala, one of the oldest of the Manchu clans, traces its descent in direct line to Prince Yangkunu, Whose daughter married in 1588 Nurhachu, the real founder of Manchu rule in China and the first direct ancestor of Ta Ching Emperors. Yehonala was born in November 1835 and her life was destined to influence countless millions of human beings, and was to be thrice Regent of China and its autocratic rule for over half a century.
In, the Chapter Two, I described the disturbances arising from the activitities of Christian priest and the reaction of the Empress Dowager herself and her people up to the Tientin treay. The allied forces of England and France invaded Peking and paved the way, for the first time, to contact with poking Government directly.
In the Chapter Three under the title of the first Regency of Tzu Hsi, I dealt with the most interested and important problems to Empress Dowager herself and the destiny of Manchu dynasty. Main items of these problems were the death of Emperor sien-Feng, husband of Tzu Hsi, the conspiracy of Su Shun, and the begining of Tung Chili reign under the Regency of his mother, Tzu Hsi.
The first Regency(1861-1873) may be described as Tzu Hsi's tentative period of rule, in which she tasted the sweets, while avoiding the appearance, of power.
The Chapter Four dealt with the eunuch system under the Empress Dowager's rule. This was one of the outstanding characteristics throughout the whole of Tzu Hsi reign. With the Tzu Hsi's accession to power, all the corruption, intrigues and barbarous proceedings were gradually reestablished and became permanent features of her court. The abuses which eunuchs practiced under her protection, abuses flagrant and unconcealed, increased with the passing years and her own growing indifference to criticism, until, after her favorite and chief bodyservant, Li Lien-ying did not scruple to boast that he could make or mar the highest officials at his pleasure and defy the San of Heaven on his Throne. These is no doubt that one of the first causes of the coup d'etat in arose from the hatred of Chief Eunuch, Li Lien-ying, for the Emperor Kuang-Hsi, andhis not unnatural apprehension that the Emperor intended to follow up his reforms of Piking Administration by paying his attention to the Palace and to the avolition of eucuchs.
In the Chapter Five, under the title of China's politics during Tung Chi and Kuang Hsu reigns, I dealt with Tzu Hsi's personal autocracy, and the abuses and corruptions of eucuchs. And the Chapter Six dealt with the innerstory of the death of Tung Chili and selection of Kuang Hsu, for the Emperor. Tzu Hsi had tasted already the sweetness of power and she in order to keep her authority as an Exnpr ess and Regency, looked for a young successor even disregarding legitimate patrimonial right. With Kuang Hsu's accession to the Throne, Tzu Hsi resumed the Regency, because the(1875-I889), young Emperor was only four years old. During this second Regency while her name appeared only occasionally as the author of Imperial Decrees, she was careful to keep in her hands all official appointments, the granting of rewards and punishments and other matters of internal palitices calculated to increase lire personal popularity and prestige with the mandarinate.
The Chopper Seven dealt with the reform movement of Kang Yu-wi and coup d'etat of 1898 China's defeat by the Japanese in 189 gave deep humiliation to the elite of Peking. Tzu Hsi also heaped reproaches on the Emperor(Kuang Hsu) for entering upon so disastrous a war without her full knowledge and consent. It was at this time that began the estrangement which thence forward gradually grew into the open hostility and secret plottings of 1898. Accepting the reformist's proposal, Emperor Kuang Hsu abolished the old examination system and tried to reform the Peking Administration.
But Tsu Hsi hated Kang Yu-wei and suspected the Emperor's reforming temper on account of reports which reached her through the eucuchs, reports were exaggerated by Li Lien-ying for his own purposes. Li had not unnatural apprehension that the Emperor intended to follow up his reforms of the Peking Government by devoting his attention to the Palace and to the abolition of eunuchs. Facing by the Tzu Hsi's opposition, the Emperor, advised by Kang Yu-wei, decided to eliminate Tzu Hsi her favorite strong man Jung Lu and Li Lien-ying. Unfortunately, owing to Yuan Shi-kai's betrayal everything was gone to the ruin and the long bitterness between Tzu Hsi and her nephew the Emperor was to cease only with the death of reformist's group. By coup d'etat, on the contrary, Tzu Hsi usurped the power of the sovereign.
In the Chapter Eight, under the little of the Boxer movement and the Empress Dowager. I described the Empress Dowager's gradual inclination towards the Boxers, the expedition of allied European forces and its consequences. The Empress thought that the former reform movement came from western liberal ideology, so her anti-foreign attitude was inclined to make use of the Boxer's revolt expelling foreigners from; her country.
As a conclusion, I wrote, under the title of the last days of Tzu Hsi, the inner history of selection for Kuang Hsi's successor and the Tzu Hsi's last days. The third Regency of Tzu Hsi, from the coup d'etat of to 1898 her death of 1908, was not a Regency at all in the strict sense of the words but an nsur pation of the Imperial prerogative during the lifetime of the sovereign, that, assured of the strength of her position, she gave full rein to her love of power and, held audience daily in the Great Hall of the Palace, seated on the Dragon Throne, with the puppet Emperor relegation to a position of inferiority, recognized and acclaimed as the Old Budaha, the sole and undisputed ruler of the Empire. But she died on November 14, 1908 one day later than the Emperor remaining her mouth fixedly open.
서지정보 내보내기(Export)
닫기소장기관 정보
닫기권호소장정보
닫기오류접수
닫기오류 접수 확인
닫기음성서비스 신청
닫기음성서비스 신청 확인
닫기이용약관
닫기학술연구정보서비스 이용약관 (2017년 1월 1일 ~ 현재 적용)
학술연구정보서비스(이하 RISS)는 정보주체의 자유와 권리 보호를 위해 「개인정보 보호법」 및 관계 법령이 정한 바를 준수하여, 적법하게 개인정보를 처리하고 안전하게 관리하고 있습니다. 이에 「개인정보 보호법」 제30조에 따라 정보주체에게 개인정보 처리에 관한 절차 및 기준을 안내하고, 이와 관련한 고충을 신속하고 원활하게 처리할 수 있도록 하기 위하여 다음과 같이 개인정보 처리방침을 수립·공개합니다.
주요 개인정보 처리 표시(라벨링)
목 차
3년
또는 회원탈퇴시까지5년
(「전자상거래 등에서의 소비자보호에 관한3년
(「전자상거래 등에서의 소비자보호에 관한2년
이상(개인정보보호위원회 : 개인정보의 안전성 확보조치 기준)개인정보파일의 명칭 | 운영근거 / 처리목적 | 개인정보파일에 기록되는 개인정보의 항목 | 보유기간 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
학술연구정보서비스 이용자 가입정보 파일 | 한국교육학술정보원법 | 필수 | ID, 비밀번호, 성명, 생년월일, 신분(직업구분), 이메일, 소속분야, 웹진메일 수신동의 여부 | 3년 또는 탈퇴시 |
선택 | 소속기관명, 소속도서관명, 학과/부서명, 학번/직원번호, 휴대전화, 주소 |
구분 | 담당자 | 연락처 |
---|---|---|
KERIS 개인정보 보호책임자 | 정보보호본부 김태우 | - 이메일 : lsy@keris.or.kr - 전화번호 : 053-714-0439 - 팩스번호 : 053-714-0195 |
KERIS 개인정보 보호담당자 | 개인정보보호부 이상엽 | |
RISS 개인정보 보호책임자 | 대학학술본부 장금연 | - 이메일 : giltizen@keris.or.kr - 전화번호 : 053-714-0149 - 팩스번호 : 053-714-0194 |
RISS 개인정보 보호담당자 | 학술진흥부 길원진 |
자동로그아웃 안내
닫기인증오류 안내
닫기귀하께서는 휴면계정 전환 후 1년동안 회원정보 수집 및 이용에 대한
재동의를 하지 않으신 관계로 개인정보가 삭제되었습니다.
(참조 : RISS 이용약관 및 개인정보처리방침)
신규회원으로 가입하여 이용 부탁 드리며, 추가 문의는 고객센터로 연락 바랍니다.
- 기존 아이디 재사용 불가
휴면계정 안내
RISS는 [표준개인정보 보호지침]에 따라 2년을 주기로 개인정보 수집·이용에 관하여 (재)동의를 받고 있으며, (재)동의를 하지 않을 경우, 휴면계정으로 전환됩니다.
(※ 휴면계정은 원문이용 및 복사/대출 서비스를 이용할 수 없습니다.)
휴면계정으로 전환된 후 1년간 회원정보 수집·이용에 대한 재동의를 하지 않을 경우, RISS에서 자동탈퇴 및 개인정보가 삭제처리 됩니다.
고객센터 1599-3122
ARS번호+1번(회원가입 및 정보수정)