College study skills : becoming a strategic learner

목차 (Table of Contents)

• DETAILED CONTENTS
• Chapter 1 Setting Goals
• WHAT ARE GOALS? = 1
• Activity 1: Where Are You Now = 2
• Characteristics of Goals = 2
• Activity 2: Evaluate Some Written Goals = 4
• Long and Short-Term Goals = 5
• Activity 3: Long-term Goals = 5
• Activity 4: Short-Term Goals = 6
• Academic and Personal Goals = 6
• Activity 5: write Down Your Goals for Tomorrow = 7
• Activity 6: Label Your Academic and Personal Goals = 7
• WRITING EFFECTIVE GOAL STATEMENTS = 7
• Use the Five-Step Approach = 7
• Activity 7: Set Your Goals for The Semester = 9
• Break Down Your Goals = 9
• Activity 8: List the Steps to Take to Achieve Your-Goals = 12
• REVISE YOUR GOALS PERIODICALLY = 12
• Activity 9: Rewrite Your Goal Statement = 13
• SETTING GOALS FOR THE NEW SEMESTER = 13
• Learn to Calculate Your GPA = 13
• Activity 10: Calculate Some GPA's = 14
• Activity 11: Change Some Grades and Recalculate the GPA's = 15
• Set Priorities for the First Three Weeks = 15
• Plan for Early Success = 15
• Plan Rewards = 16
• Consider Consequences = 17
• Activity 12: Where Are You Now? = 17
• Chapter 2 Time Management = 19
• WHAT IS TIME MANAGEMENT? = 19
• Activity 1: Where Are You Now? = 20
• WHY IS TIME MANAGEMENT IMPORTANT? = 20
• ANALYZE YOUR USE OF TIME = 22
• How Do You Manage Your Time Now? = 22
• Activity 2: Keep a Time Diary = 22
• Activity 3: Plan and Review Your Daily Activities = 23
• Identify Time Available for Study = 23
• Activity 4: Fill In Your Fixed Commitment Calendar = 26
• Identify Time Needed for Study = 26
• Activity 5: Monitor Your Study Time = 29
• Activity 6: Time Your Text Reading = 30
• Activity 7: Evaluate Your Study Time = 31
• Establish a New Time Plan = 31
• ORGANIZE YOUR STUDY TIME = 32
• Create a Semester Calendar = 32
• Activity 8: Fill In Your Monthly Assignment Calendar = 34
• Prepare Weekly Task Sheets = 34
• Activity 9: Make a Weekly Plan = 36
• Use Daily "To Do" Lists = 36
• Activity 10: Complete Your "To Do' Lists = 40
• ASSIGN TASKS TO AVAILABLE STUDY TIME = 40
• Set Up Your Study Schedule = 40
• Activity 11: Schedule Keesha's Study Tasks = 40
• Activity 12: Schedule Your Assignments = 41
• USE GOOD TIME MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES = 42
• Study in One-Hour Blocks = 42
• Take Breaks = 44
• Switch Subjects = 44
• Tackle Difficult Assignments First = 44
• Plan Rewards = 45
• Work Until You Finish Scheduled Tasks = 45
• Work Ahead = 45
• Activity 13: Schedule a Long-Range Assignment = 46
• RE-EVALUATE YOUR TIME PLAN = 46
• LEARN TO COPE WITH PROCRASTINATION = 47
• Causes of Procrastination = 47
• Other Reasons Students Procrastinate = 48
• Activity 14: Make Up a Procrastination Profile = 49
• Strategies for Overcoming Procrastination = 50
• Activity 15: List Strategies You Can Use to Overcome Procrastination = 52
• Activity 16: Identify Your Escapist Techniques = 52
• Activity 17: Where Are You Now? = 53
• Chapter 3 Improving Concentration = 55
• CONCENTRATION AND PERFORMANCE = 55
• Activity l: Where Are You Now? = 56
• WHAT IS CONCENTRATION? = 56
• Activity 2: Analyze Your Concentration = 57
• THREE LEVELS OF CONCENTRATION = 57
• Light Concentration = 58
• Moderate Concentration = 58
• Deep Concentration = 58
• Activity 3: Reflect on Your Periods of Deep Concentration = 60
• The Concentration Cycle = 60
• Activity 4: Evaluate Your Last Study Session = 61
• CAUSES OF POOR CONCENTRATION = 62
• Activity 5: Describe How You Feel When You Can't Concentrate = 62
• Concentration Problems During Lecture Class = 63
• Activity 6: Evaluate Your Concentration During Lecture Class = 64
• Concentration Problems When You Read a Textbook = 65
• Activity 7: Test Your Concentration As You Read = 66
• Activity 8: List Your Distractions As You Read = 67
• Concentration Problems When You Study for Exams = 67
• Activity 9: Evaluate Your Concentration While You Study = 68
• STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING CONCENTRATION = 69
• Activity 10: List Your Strategies for Improving Concentration = 69
• Creating a Positive Learning Environment = 70
• Activity 11: Create Positive Learning Environments = 71
• Dealing with Internal Distractions = 72
• Activity 12: Suggest Ways of Dealing With Internal Distractions = 73
• Using Active Learning Strategies = 74
• Activity 13: Suggest Active Learning Strategies = 76
• Activity 14: Solve your Concentration Problems = 77
• Monitoring Your Concentration = 78
• Activity 15: Monitor Your Concentration = 78
• BENEFITS OF IMPROVED CONCENTRATION = 78
• Activity 16: Where Are You Now = 79
• Chapter 4 Taking Lecture Notes = 81
• WHAT IS NOTE TAKING? = 81
• Activity 1: Where Are You Now? = 82
• WHY TAKE LECTURE NOTES? = 82
• HOW GOOD ARE YOUR NOTES? = 83
• Activity 2: Practice Taking Notes = 83
• Activity 3: Evaluate Your Note-Taking Skills = 86
• Consider the Content = 86
• Activity 4: Take a Quiz = 86
• Activity 5: Judge the Content In Your Notes = 87
• Consider the Organization = 87
• Activity 6: Compare Student Notes = 88
• Discussion of Sample Notes = 89
• Activity 7: Test Your Notes = 90
• HOW SHOULD YOU TAKE NOTES? = 93
• PREPARE BEFORE TAKING NOTES = 93
• General Formatting Tips = 94
• Activity 8: Turn Statements into Phrases = 95
• Note-Taking Systems = 96
• Activity 9: Practice Different Note-Taking Methods = 101
• WHAT SHOULD YOU WRITE DOWN? = 101
• Main Points = 104
• Tips on What Else to Include in Your Notes = 104
• Discussion Classes = 104
• Math and Science Classes = 105
• Nonverbal Clues = 105
• Activity 10: Identify Verbal and Nonverbal Clues = 106
• WHAT TO Do IF YOU MISS INFORMATION = 106
• HOW TO IMPROVE YOUR NOTE-TAKING SKILLS = 107
• Learn to Listen and Write = 107
• Learn to Abbreviate = 107
• Practice Key Words Before the Lecture = 108
• Activity 11: Practice Taking Notes = 109
• Activity 12: Apply Note-Taking strategies = 111
• HOW NOT TO TAKE NOTES = 111
• Avoid Mechanical Rewriting = 111
• Don't Take Notes on Outlines = 111
• Don't Rely on Handouts = 111
• Don't Take Notes in Your Textbook = 112
• Don't Use Tape Recorders in Class = 112
• WHAT TO DO AFTER THE LECTURE = 113
• Activity 13: Where Are You Now? = 113
• Chapter 5 Editing and Reviewing Your Lecture Notes = 115
• WHY EDIT? WHY REVIEW? = 115
• Activity 1: Where Are You Now? = 116
• EDITING YOUR LECTURE NOTES = 116
• Fill in the Gaps = 116
• Activity 2: Identify Missed Information = 117
• Activity 3: Edit for Missing Information = 118
• Activity 4: Edit Your Practice Notes = 119
• Check for Accuracy = 120
• Activity 5: Check for Errors = 120
• Activity 6: Edit for Content Errors = 120
• Activity 7: Edit Your Practice Notes = 122
• Clarify Meaning = 122
• Activity 8: Edit to Clarify Meaning = 123
• Rewrite to Improve Organization = 124
• Activity 9: Reorganize Your Notes = 126
• Add Recall Words = 126
• Add Questions in the Margin = 126
• Activity 10: Add Recall Cues = 127
• Activity 11: Add Marginal Questions = 128
• REVIEWING YOUR NOTES = 130
• When and Why Should You Review? = 131
• How Should You Review Your Notes? = 131
• Use the Recall Column = 131
• Activity 12: Use Recall Cues to Recite Your Notes = 131
• Use Headings = 132
• Activity 13: Use Headings to Review = 132
• Activity 14: Edit and Review Your Notes = 132
• Activity 15: Where Are You Now? = 133
• Chapter 6 Reading Your Textbook = 135
• WHY YOU NEED A NEW APPROACH IN COLLEGE = 135
• Activity 1: Where Are You Now? = 136
• GENERAL STRATEGIES FOR READING COLLEGE TEXTS = 136
• Buy Your Textbook Early = 136
• Get Acquainted with Your Textbook = 137
• Activity 2: Describe Your Textbook = 137
• Read the Chapter Before the Lecture = 138
• Read Ten Pages at a Time = 138
• Monitor Your Comprehension = 139
• Activity 3: Monitor Your Comprehension = 139
• USE A TEXT READING/STUDY SYSTEM = 139
• Activity 4: Describe the Strategies You're Now Using = 140
• The P2R System = 140
• Activity 5: Preview Your Textbook = 141
• Activity 6: Use the P2R System = 142
• Activity 7: Evaluate the P2R System = 144
• The PREP Study System = 144
• Adapting PREP = 145
• Activity 8: Use the PREP Study System = 146
• Activity 9: Evaluate the PREP Study System = 146
• The SQ3R Reading/Study Method = 146
• Activity 10: Use the SQ3R Method = 150
• Activity 11: Evaluate the SQ3R Method = 151
• Activity 12: Use SQ3R for Text Reading = 151
• Advantages of SQ3R = 152
• Disadvantages of SQ3R = 152
• Adapting SQ3R = 153
• The S-RUN Reading System = 153
• Activity 13: Use the S-RUN Reading System = 154
• Activity 14: Evaluate the S-RUN Reading System = 155
• Activity 15: Read Your Own Texts = 155
• HOW TO READ A TEXTBOOK: A REVIEW = 156
• Determine What to Read When = 156
• Preview = 157
• Read and Mark the Text = 157
• Review = 157
• Activity 16: Where Are You Now? = 157
• Chapter 7 Marking Your Textbook = 159
• IS IT WORTH YOUR TIME? = 159
• Activity l: Where Are You Now? = 160
• WHY SHOULD YOU MARK YOUR TEXT? = 160
• HOW SHOULD YOU MARK YOUR TEXT? = 161
• Activity 2: Mark Important Information = 162
• Activity 3: Mark Meaningful Phrases = 163
• Activity 4: Identify Effective Marking = 164
• Activity 5: Practice Marking = 165
• WHAT SHOULD YOU MARK? = 165
• Mark Headings = 166
• Mark Main Ideas = 166
• Activity 6: Mark Main Ideas = 166
• Focus on Supporting Material = 167
• Activity 7: Mark Supporting Details = 168
• Don't Overlook "External" Text Material = 168
• HOW MUCH SHOULD YOU MARK? = 169
• Don't Mark Too Little = 169
• Don't Mark Too Selectively = 169
• Don't Mark Too Much = 170
• Activity 8: Mark Effectively = 170
• Activity 9: Analyze Marked Selections = 171
• WHAT SYSTEM SHOULD YOU USE? = 171
• Highlighting = 172
• Underlining = 172
• Pencil Coding = 173
• Marginal Notes = 174
• Avoid Complex Marking Systems = 174
• Activity 10: Mark Text And Add Marginal Notes or Questions = 176
• Samples of Effective and Ineffective Marking = 177
• HOW TO USE YOUR TEXT MARKING = 178
• Remark Your Text = 179
• Activity 11: Re-mark Text Material = 181
• Activity 12: Re-mark Your Own Text = 182
• Take Notes on Your Marking = 182
• Activity 13: Mark Notes on Marked Material = 183
• Activity 14: Take Notes on Your Own Text Markings = 184
• EVALUATING YOUR TEXT MARKING = 184
• Activity 15: Evaluate Your Marking = 185
• Activity 16: Evaluate After an Exam = 186
• MARKING SPECIAL MATERIALS = 186
• Marking Used Books = 186
• Marking Math and Science Texts = 187
• Marking Literature Texts = 187
• Marking Outside Readings = 187
• INSURING SUCCESS: POINTS TO REMEMBER = 187
• Activity 17: Practice Marking Text Material = 188
• Activity 18: Where Are You Now? = 189
• Chapter 8 Taking Text Notes = 191
• NOTE TAKING: AN EFFECTIVE STUDY TOOL = 191
• Activity 1: Where Are You Now? = 192
• WHY SHOULD YOU TAKE TEXT NOTES? = 192
• Note Taking Promotes Active Reading = 192
• Note Taking Condenses the Material = 193
• WHEN SHOULD YOU TAKE TEXT NOTES? = 193
• When You First Read the Chapter = 194
• After the Lecture = 194
• At the End of the Week = 194
• When You Prepare for the Exam = 194
• Activity 2: Take Notes at Different Times = 195
• HOW SHOULD YOU TAKE NOTES? = 195
• Written Notes = 195
• Activity 3: Take Written Text Notes = 196
• Recall Columns = 198
• Note Cards = 198
• Activity 4: Take Notes on Note Cards = 200
• Outlining = 202
• Activity 5: Take Notes in Outline Format = 203
• Activity 6: Practice Note Taking = 204
• Mapping = 207
• Activity 7: Make a Hierarchical Map = 209
• Activity 8: Make a Semantic Web = 211
• Activity 9: Make a Line Map = 211
• Activity 10: Practice Mapping = 211
• Charting = 211
• Activity 11: Complete the Chart = 217
• Examples for Discussion = 217
• Activity 12: Practice Note Taking = 223
• Activity 13: Evaluating Note-Taking Strategies = 224
• TAKING NOTES ON SPECIAL MATERIAL = 225
• Library Material = 225
• Literature = 225
• REVIEWING YOUR TEXT NOTES = 226
• EVALUATING YOUR TEXT NOTES = 226
• Activity 14: Evaluate Some Sample Notes = 227
• Activity 15: Where Are You Now? = 232
• Chapter 9 Preparing for Exams = 233
• USE ACTIVE STRATEGIES TO PREPARE FOR EXAMS = 233
• Activity 1: Where Are You Now? = 234
• GATHER INFORMATION BEFORE YOU STUDY = 234
• Learn About the Exam = 235
• Learn About Yourself = 237
• Activity 2: Test Your Learning Style = 237
• USE THE FIVE-DAY STUDY PLAN = 238
• Set Up a Plan = 238
• Divide Up the Material = 239
• Study the Oldest Material First = 239
• Activity 3: Set Up a Plan = 240
• Plan Actual Tasks = 240
• Prepare a Chapter = 241
• Review a Chapter = 243
• Be Creative in Designing Your Own Plan = 243
• Activity 4: Add Actual Tasks to Your Study Plan = 243
• Modify the Format = 243
• Include Specific Topics = 244
• Activity 5: Evaluate Sample Study Plans = 247
• ACTIVE STUDY STRATEGIES = 247
• Activity 6: Learn Technical Vocabulary = 253
• Activity 7: Make Study Sheets = 264
• Activity 8: Make a Self-Test = 265
• Activity 9: Review by Recitation = 266
• Activity 10: Where Are You Now? = 272
• Chapter 10 Improving Memory = 273
• MEMORY: STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL = 273
• Activity 1: Where Are You Now? = 274
• UNDERSTANDING MEMORY PROCESSES = 274
• Information Processing Model = 275
• Activity 2: Conduct an Immediate Memory Experiment = 277
• Retrieval and Forgetting = 280
• WHY DO YOU NEED MEMORY STRATEGIES? = 281
• Activity 3: Test Your Memory = 281
• GENERAL STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING YOUR MEMORY = 282
• SPECIFIC MEMORY STRATEGIES = 285
• Rehearsal Strategies = 285
• Elaboration Strategies = 285
• Activity 4: List the Association You Use = 288
• Activity 5: Create Catchwords = 290
• Activity 6: Create and Use Catchphrases = 293
• Activity 7: Create Story Chains = 295
• Organizational Strategies = 297
• Activity 8: Try Some Organizational Strategies = 297
• Activity 9: Organize Information = 299
• Activity 10: Memory Practice = 300
• Comprehension Monitoring Strategies = 300
• Activity 11: Monitor Your Learning = 303
• Affective and Motivational Strategies = 304
• Activity 12: List Affective and Motivational Strategies That You Use = 305
• Activity 13: Monitor How You Learn and Remember? = 305
• Activity 14: Evaluate Your Exam Strategies = 306
• Activity 15: Where Are You Now? = 306
• Chapter 11 Taking Objective Tests = 309
• PREPARATION ISN'T EVERYTHING = 309
• Activity 1: Where Are You Now? = 310
• GENERAL STRATEGIES FOR TAKING OBJECTIVE TESTS = 310
• Prepare Well = 310
• Reduce Test Anxiety = 311
• Activity 2: Describe Your Test Anxiety = 315
• Follow Directions = 315
• Activity 3: Follow Directions = 316
• Budget Your Time = 317
• Activity 4: Budget Your Time = 319
• Answer the Easiest Questions First = 319
• SPECIFIC STRATEGIES FOR OBJECTIVE TESTS = 320
• Strategies for Matching Tests = 321
• Activity 5: Practice Answering Matching Questions = 321
• Activity 6: Take a Matching Test = 324
• Strategies for True-False Tests = 324
• Activity 7: Practice Answering True-False Questions = 327
• Activity 8: Take a True-False Test = 328
• Strategies for Multiple-Choice Tests = 328
• Activity 9: Take a Multiple-Choice Test = 332
• WHEN IN DOUBT, GUESS = 333
• Activity 10: Guess at True-False Questions = 335
• Activity 11: Guess Again = 336
• END-OF-EXAM STRATEGIES = 337
• Don't Leave the Room Early = 337
• Go Back Over Difficult Questions = 338
• Use Caution When Changing Answers = 338
• Code Your Test = 339
• Estimate Your Grade = 339
• LEARNING FROM EXAMS = 339
• Evaluate Your Preparation = 340
• Learn from Your Mistakes = 340
• Get Help Before the Next Exam = 341
• Activity 12: Learn from Your Exam = 341
• Activity 13: Where Are You Now? = 342
• Chapter 12 Preparing for Essay Tests = 343
• IT'S NOT ONLY WHAT YOU SAY... IT'S ALSO HOW YOU SAY IT = 343
• Activity 1: Where Are You Now? = 344
• PREDICTING THE QUESTIONS = 344
• Predict Extra Questions = 345
• Predict the Right Kinds of Questions = 345
• Activity 2: Predict Three Essay Questions = 346
• Predict Challenging Questions = 347
• Activity 3: Read and Predict = 350
• GATHERING INFORMATION = 350
• Treat Each Question Separately = 354
• Examples of Effective Essay Plans = 355
• Examples of Poor Essay Plans = 356
• Activity 4: Gathering Information = 357
• ORGANIZING INFORMATION = 357
• Label Each Point = 359
• Outline Your Answer = 359
• Activity 5: Organize and Outline Information = 359
• Activity 6: Predict and Organize for One Your Exams = 360
• LEARNING INFORMATION = 361
• Identify and Learn Key Points = 361
• Use Mnemonic Devices = 362
• Activity 7: Practice Learning Information = 362
• WRITING OUT YOUR ANSWER = 363
• Why Should You Write Out Your Answer? = 363
• Practice Using Your Outline = 363
• Write Out the Most Difficult Questions = 364
• Activity 8: Write Out Your Essay Answer = 365
• Write Out Sample Test Questions = 365
• Activity 9: Predict, Organize, and Write Out Three Questions = 366
• Activity 10: Where Are You Now? = 367
• Chapter 13 Taking Essay Tests = 369
• THEY'RE NOT AS HARD AS YOU THINK = 369
• Activity 1: Where Are You Now? = 370
• HOW TO TAKE AN ESSAY TEST = 370
• Activity 2: Organize Your Answer = 375
• Activity 3: Write Some Topic Sentences = 378
• Activity 4: Turn Main Ideas into Sentences = 378
• Activity 5: Write Supporting Sentences = 379
• Activity 6: Analyze Sample Essay Answers = 381
• Activity 7: Write Your Essay Answer = 383
• FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE YOUR GRADE = 383
• Content Is a Factor = 384
• Organization Also Is Important = 384
• Activity 8: Grade Two Sample Essays = 384
• Activity 9: Revise a Sample Essay = 386
• Format Is Another Factor = 386
• How You Write Affects Your Grade = 387
• Activity 10: Locate and Correct Errors = 388
• Neatness Counts = 388
• STRATEGIES FOR GAINING MORE POINTS = 388
• Use the Exam As a Resource = 389
• Always Write Something = 389
• Leave Extra Space = 390
• What If You Need More Space? = 391
• What If You Run Out of Time? = 391
• LEARNING FROM EXAMS = 391
• What Can You Learn? = 391
• How Can You Evaluate Your Answers? = 392
• Activity 11: Analyze What You Learned = 392
• Rewrite Your Answers for Comparison = 393
• Activity 12: Rewrite an Essay Answer = 393
• Practice Evaluating Essay Answers = 393
• Activity 13: Write an Essay Answer = 394
• Activity 14: Evaluate Sample Essay Answers = 394
• Activity 15: Evaluate Your Essay Answer = 397
• Activity 16: Where Are You Now? = 398
• Chapter 14 Preparing for Final Exams = 399
• FOLLOW A SPECIAL PLAN OF ATTACK = 399
• Activity 1: Where Are You Now? = 400
• WHAT ARE FINAL EXAMS? = 400
• Activity 2: Describe Your Preparation Strategies = 401
• Activity 3: Make a List for Comparison = 401
• HOW SHOULD YOU PREPARE? = 402
• Activity 4: Select Effective Strategies = 402
• Start Your Preparation Early = 402
• Manage Your Time Efficiently = 402
• Make Academics Your Priority = 403
• Activity 5: Manage Your Time = 404
• Set Priorities for Exams = 404
• Activity 6: Determine What Grade You Must Get = 407
• Activity 7: Set Priorities = 407
• Attend All Classes = 408
• Reduce Test Anxiety = 408
• FINALS WEEK PREPARATION = 409
• Make a Schedule for Your Finals = 409
• Set Up a Study Schedule = 410
• Activity 8: Practice Setting up a Study Schedule = 413
• Activity 9: Set Up Your Study Schedule = 413
• Prepare for Comprehensive Finals = 413
• Activity 10: Practice Planning for Comprehensive Finals = 417
• Use Active Strategies to Study = 418
• Stay Motivated = 418
• Activity 11: Plan How to Stay Motivated = 419
• Put Forth Your Best Effort on Each Exam = 419
• Monitor Your Progress = 419
• Activity 12: Monitor Your Progress = 420
• Activity 13: Where Are You Now? = 420
• Chapter 15 Writing College Papers = 423
• BASIC STRATEGIES CAN HELP = 423
• Activity 1: Where Are You Now? = 424
• WRITING IS A PROCESS = 424
• GETTING STARTED = 426
• Brainstorming = 426
• Activity 2: Brainstorming by Journaling = 427
• Activity 3: Brainstorming by Listing = 428
• Activity 4: Brainstorming by Mapping = 430
• Activity 5: Brainstorming by Questioning = 432
• Getting Focused = 433
• Activity 6: Practice Limiting Your Topic = 435
• GETTING ORGANIZED = 435
• List and Select Ideas = 435
• Activity 7: List and Select Ideas = 437
• Develop a Tentative Thesis = 437
• Activity 8: Formulate a Tentative Thesis = 438
• Outline Your Paper = 438
• Activity 9: Develop Outline = 440
• DRAFTING YOUR PAPER = 441
• The Introduction = 441
• Activity 10: Write an Introduction = 442
• The Body Paragraphs = 442
• Activity 11: Write a Body Paragraph = 446
• Activity 12: Evaluate Your Body Paragraph = 449
• The Conclusion = 450
• Activity 13: Writing a Concluding Paragraph = 453
• REVISING YOUR PAPER = 453
• EVALUATING YOUR PAPER = 454
• Activity 14: Evaluate Your Paper = 455
• Activity 15: Where Are You Now? = 458
• Index = 459