알뛰세의 스탈린주의 左派批判의 현재성 = Louis Althusser's Theoretical Anti-Humanism and the Left Critique of Stalinism
저자
주원덕 (東國大學校 行政學科)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1991
작성언어
Korean
KDC
001.3
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
129-154(26쪽)
제공처
소장기관
The problem of Stalinism has been ever-present in all althusser's theoretical work. In order fully to settle accounts with Stalinism and produce a positive alternative to it, it was not enough to free Maxism from the grip of Stalinist dogmatism. The task then was to construct Marxist philosophy of which Marx had left only the foundations. Althusser's ambition was to renovate Marxism, constitute Marxist philosophy, resolve the Marx-Hegel relationship, clarify the vase-superstructure connection, etc. His peculiarity consists in its rupture with the orthodox dialectical and historical materialism and the second and third Internationals, and with the heterodox Western Marxism. For in the name of restoring Maxism to its original purity, and then developing it, he intervened simultaneously political and theoretical conjunctures.
Politically, it was dominated by two great events; the Twentieth Congress and Khrushchev's critique of Stalinism and the Sino-Soviet split in the international communist movement. Theoretically, that era was characterized by a return to the Young Marx among Marxist intellectuals during the late 1950s and early 1960s. If the Communist movement was in political peril, Marxist theory was ostensibly experiencing a renaissance, But it was a humanist revival. Rather than welcoming these developments. Althusser adduced them as evidence of deleterious effects of Khrushchev's critique. Surveying the field of Marxist theory in the early 1960s. Althusser delineated two main paradigms : What he called 'economism' and 'humanism/historicism,' The former represented a Marxist version of technologial determinism, the latter a species of Hegelianism. His convictin was that they were alike pseudo-, and ultimately anti-Marxist. Neglecting the potentially critical effects of humanist marxism on Stalinism, he regarded Stalinism as an abandonment of revolutionary theoretical and political heritage of Marx and Lenin, and Khrushchev's 'secret Speech' as a right wing critique of it conducive to a rightwards evolution of the Communist movement. Humanism was a teleological philosophical anthropology wherein the ineluctable travails of the human essence in alienation presaged its reappropriation and realization under communism. Countering the prevalent 'recourse to humanist ideology', Althusser's enterprise proclaimed a 'return to Marx' aimed at a restoration/renewal of Marxist theory. His singularity was a revindication of scientific Marxism from its positivist parody or misrepresentation by both orthodoxy and heterodoxy. What was needed was a revaluation of the theoretical bases of Stalinism.
The absence of a left-wing critique is said to provide the most violent bourgeois anti-Communism and Trotskyist anti-Stalinism. These are preferred as laying the foundations of a left-wing critique of Stalinism. It was connected to stalin's and the Bolshevik Party's deflection from Leninist orthodoxy and their introdjection of Menshevik tradition. As a return to Menshevism, Stalinism represented a re-Hegelianization of Marxism. If Stalinism represented the 'posthumous revenge of the Second International', then Khrushchevism, Brexzhnevism and post-Stalinist Communism represented the posthumous retribution of Stalinism. If a 'deviation is required to explain the Stalin period, then a likely candidate is the doctrine of 'socialism in one country'. a notion foreign to classical Marxism and Bolshevism alike. For Althusser Mao's china was the incarnation of the democratic communism negated in the USSR. The ossified Marxism begueathed by Stalin to the inter national Communist movement found it's doughtiest defender in Chinese Communism. Whilst the official doctrine of the Cultural Revolution did not restrict class struggle to the ideological sphere, it did pronounce it of paramount importance in a socialist society. But the delirious cult of Mao symbolized the repitition of history as tragedy and this was no concrete critique of Stalinism. The collapse of Althusser's elected alternative had an influence on him so strong as its emergence. Althusser was right to consider khrushchev's initiative a right-wing destalinization; correct, too, in regarding the consequent humanist renaissance within the CPs as theoretically and politicallly inadeguate, but quite wrong to tar all Marxist humanism and historicisms with a bourgeois brush. But with a great scope and originality, his enterprise of recasting of Marxism has a relevance with analysis of today's conjunctures.
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