19세기 후반 고창지역 유학사상과 동학농민혁명 = The relationship between Confucianism and Donghak Peasant Revolution in Gochang area in the late 19th Century

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In this study, correlations between reformative Confucianism and Donghak peasant revolution will be analyzed in detail. Reformative Confucianism has had enormous implications for the 1894 Donghak peasant revolution. Gochang area has been producing Confucian scholars ever since the 17th century, and by the 19th century the number of Confucian scholars was turning out from both Mujang and Gochang area. Notably, Nohsa scholars`` Faction, who had been influenced by Ki Jeong-Jin, enthusiastically propagated reformist ideas on social and economic injustices during the 1862 peasant revolt. Ki Jeong-Jin pointed out the reality that greed of the Yangban Sadaebu classes led to the injustices in land ownership and that tax reforms were called for in order to guarantee financial stability for the peasant. He went on to emphasize that the success of the reforms depended on the strong will of the King and appointing competent officials in the government. Ki``s argument had much influence over the scholars in the Gochang area. The Gochang area at the time was heavily afflicted by overtaxation and disproportionate land ownership. Consequently, this led to Kang In-Hoe, Jeong Ha-Won of Mujang, Ahn Jung-Seop of Gochang, and Hwang Su-Jeong of Heungdeok, who had been part of Ki Jeong-Jin``s circle during the 1862 peasant revolt, placing emphasis on eradicating the foul practices of the profiteering Sadaebu classes and finding ways to resolve overtaxation and disproportionate distribution of land. The cry for social reform continued to echo throughout the days of the army insurrection in 1882. Jeong Ha-Won stressed that, along with the need for the King to observe higher ethical standards, systematic abuse of the tax system must be dealt with. Only then, he went on, can we hope to begin the process of tightening the discipline of the army and unite the people against foreign powers. As for Lee Gyu-Chae of Gochang, after asserting the need to enforce levies from the rich to support the livelihood of the people and procure provisions, he went on to insist upon equal division of land in 1882. Lee Gyu-Chae, while living in a impoverished condition himself, was influenced by the Nohsa scholars`` Faction along with the likes of Ki Yang-Yeon. Lee eventually tried to find the answer to the pressing issues of the day from the Mencius`` rule by virtue doctrine. The way he saw it, with no stable living, then no stable mind can be expected(無恒産、無恒心), ergo no way of becoming an ethical being. Accordingly, he saw fit to take the land from the rich and divide them equally among all the people, thereby enriching the manners and customs of the people which would lead to stronger treasury for the kingdom. Due to Lee``s incessant insistence on equal land distribution to the audience of Confucian scholars in Gochang, the notion of the need for tax reform along with agrarian reform spread far and wide in the Gochang area. Later, as government officials`` profiteering , tax abuse and disproportionate land ownership raged on in Gochang, outbreak of the Donghak peasant revolution would ensue with Mujang area as its seismic center. Leaders of the Donghak peasant rebel forces claimed that due to the profiteering tendency of the ruling class the state examination system had been corroded and that people are left unable to find one``s vocation whereupon the total collapse of all moral values ensued. It is up to the people of the land to rally behind the values of providing welfare for the people and restoring order. These claims coincided with the reformist ideas made by the Confucian scholars from the Gochang area such as the Nohsa school. This was because, since the peasant revolt of 1862, reformist ideas had been widely publicized in the Gochang area by the likes of the Nohsa school and also the active participation of the pro-Nohsa scholars in the uprising. The Donghak rebel forces would later make an effort to issue tax exemptions as well as solve problems of disproportionate land distribution and social injustices. However as the retaliation of the rebel forces aginst the Yangban class and the rich continued to escalate, disobeying the king``s order of breakup, scholars of Gochang began to condemn the Donhak rebels on the bases of moral principles. Therefore, although the reformative ideas of Confucian scholars in Gochang had greatly affected the Donghak peasant revolution they failed to overcome the boundaries of class equality put forward by the Donghak rebels.

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