The Dynamics of Civil Society in Democratisation : the Nigerian Case, 1983-2007

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문의 목적은 1983년에서 2007년 사이 나이지리아 민주화 과정에서 군부권위주의 체제가 시민 사회의 도전에 직면했던 상황을 보여줌으로써 민주화 과정에서 시민 사회의 역할을 제고하는 것이다. 이 목적을 위해 우선 1983년에서 1998년 사이에 존재했던 세 개의 군사 정부를 설명하고, 그 당시 시민 사회 기구들의 폭력적인 반응을 불러일으킴으로써 결국 군사 정부가 스스로의 붕괴를 초래하게 된 경위를 보여준다. 이 때 시민 사회가 보여준 다양한 활동은 그 영향력과 함께 시민 사회의 역동성이라고 정의한다. 본 논문은 시민 사회의 역동성을 부각시키면서 "과정 추적"방법을 사용한다. 본 연구는 시민 사회의 역동성 변화가 나이지리아에서 민주주의 혁명과 이어지는 민주화 과정에 영향을 끼쳤다고 주장한다. 이 과정에서 본 연구는 정치가들과 모든 민주주의 제도가 사실 상 제 역할을 하지 못하고 있을 때 시민 사회가 어떻게 나이지리아를 독재에서 구출해냈는지에 초점을 맞춘다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study examines the activities of civil society from 1983 to 2007 in the Nigerian democratisation whose effective transition took off in 1999, by highlighting how military authoritarian regimes faced their undaunted challenges in the hands of civil society organisations. In order to do this, this work makes exposition of three military regimes starting from 1983 to 1998. The outcome of this exercise shows how military regimes played a role in their own demise by triggering the violent reaction of civil society organizations through various factors that rooted during the regimes. These factors combined with their influence on civil society organisations are referred to as dynamics of civil society. This paper, in highlighting the dynamics of civil society, adopts process tracing method which enables us to answer the main research question. The study, without undermining other actors in democratisation, argues that changes in the dynamics of civil society influenced revolutions and subsequent democratisation in Nigeria. In the course of this argument, the paper pinpoints on how civil society rescues Nigeria when the political class and all the democratic structures have been virtually rendered redundant.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. INTRODUCTION
• 2. LITERATURE FRAMEWORK
• 3. OVERVIEW OF MILITARY REGIMES FROM 1983 TO 1998
• 4. DYNAMICS OF CIVIL SOCIETY
• 5. REVOLUTION AND DEMOCRATISATION
• 6. CONCLUSION
• References

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 Corruption Perception Index, "Transparency International"
• 2 Corruption Perception Index, "Transparency International"
• 3 Corruption Perception Index, "Transparency International"
• 4 Corruption Perception Index, "Transparency International"
• 5 Olagunju, T., "Transition to democracy in Nigeria (1985-1993)" Spectrum Books Ltd 1993
• 6 Linz, J. J., "Toward Consolidated Democracies" 7 (7): 14-33, 1996
• 7 Huntington, Samuel P., "The Third Wave : Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century" University of Oklahoma Press 1991
• 8 Ikelegbe, A., "The State and Civil Society in Nigeria: Towards a Partnership for Sustainable Development"
• 9 Makmis, M.D, "The Role of Civil Society in Promoting and Sustaining Democracy in Nigeria" (summer) : 2004
• 10 Sang, L. T. P., "The Role of Civil Society in Promoting Democracy, Good Governance, Peace and National Reconciliation in Myanmar" 2013
• 11 Oloyede, I. B., "The Press under Military rule in Nigeria, 1966-1993" 2002
• 12 Alubo, S., "The Political Economy of Doctors's Strikes in Nigeria" 22 (22): 467-477, 1986
• 13 Ikelegbe, A., "The Perverse Manifestation of Civil Society : Evidence from Nigeria" 39 (39): 1-24, 2001
• 14 Warren, M. E., "The Oxford handbook of civil society" Oxford University Press 2011
• 15 Edwards, Michael, "The Oxford Handbook of Civil Society" Oxford University Press 2011
• 16 Graf, W. D., "The Nigerian State: Political Economy, State, Class and Political System in the Post-Colonial Era" Heinemann 1988
• 17 Odinkalu, A. C., "The Management of Transition to Civil Rule by the Military in Nigeria, 1966-1996"
• 18 CLO, "Text of the communique issued at the end of the All-Nigeria Summit on Human Rights and Pro-democracy"
• 19 World Bank., "Sub Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth"
• 20 Diamond Larry, "Rethinking Civil Society: Toward Democratic Consolidation" 5 (5): 4-17, 1994
• 21 Amuta, Chidi, "Prince of the Niger: The Babangida Years" Tanus Communications 1992
• 22 Ogbondah, C. W., "Press Freedom and Political Development in Africa" 8 (8): 1994
• 23 Joseph, R., "Nigeria: inside the Dismal Tunnel" 95 (95): 193-, 1996
• 24 Maringues, M., "Nigeria during the Abacha years (1993-1998)" Institut franais de recherche en Afrique 185-218, 2001
• 25 Jega, A., "Nigeria during the Abacha years (1993-1998)" Institut franais de recherche en Afrique 2001
• 26 Amuwo, K., "Nigeria During the Abacha Years (19931998" Institut Francais de Recherche en Afrique 1-56, 2001
• 27 World Bank, "Nigeria Data"
• 28 Buhari, Muhammadu, "Moment of Truth: Collected speeches" Government Printer 1994
• 29 Oyewale, P. O., "Military Regimes and Nigeria's Economic Development, 1966-1999" 5 (5): 29-38, 2018
• 30 Richards, D. C., "Military Governments and Economic Development: A case study of Nigeria from 1960-2000" 2001
• 31 Coppedge, M., "Measuring polyarchy" 25 (25): 51-72, 1990
• 32 Adejumobi, S., "Identity Transformation and Identity Politics under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria" Nordiska Afrika institutet 1986
• 33 Akinrinade, B., "Human rights NGOs in Nigeria : Emergence, governmental reactions and the future" 2 : 110-, 2002
• 34 "Human Development Report"
• 35 "Human Development Report"
• 36 "Human Development Report"
• 37 Alubo, S. O., "Health services and military messianism in Nigeria (1983-1990)" 7 (7): 45-65, 1992
• 38 "Freedom in the World-Nigeria"
• 39 "Freedom in the World-Nigeria"
• 40 "Freedom in the World-Nigeria"
• 41 Lewis, P. M., "Endgame in Nigeria? The politics of a failed transition programme" 93 (93): 323-340, 1994
• 42 Ihonvbere, J. O., "Economic crisis, structural adjustment and social crisis in Nigeria" 21 (21): 141-153, 1993
• 43 Ihonvbere, J., "Democracy and Political Change in Sub-Saharan Africa" Routledge 1995
• 44 Osaghae, E. E., "Crippled Giant: Nigeria since Independence" C. Hurst and Company 1998
• 45 Akintola, O. S., "Civil society and opposition politics in Nigeria (1985-1999)" 2002
• 46 Mustapha, A. R., "Civil rights and pro-democracy groups in and outside Nigeria"
• 47 Walker, J. A., "Civil Society, the Challenge to the Authoritarian State, and the Consolidation of Democracy in Nigeria" 27 (27): 54-58, 1999
• 48 Berman, Sheri, "Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic" 49 (49): 40129-, 1997
• 49 Cohen, J.L., "Civil Society and Political Theory" MIT Press 1992
• 50 Alemika, E. O., "Civil Society and Democracy: Sociological and Economic Analysis of Power in Society" 2000
• 51 Falode, A. J., "Civil Society Groups(CSGs)and the Democratization Process in Nigeria, 1960-2007" 71 : 6-16, 2016
• 52 Ansah, P. A. V., "Blueprint for Freedom" 1991
• 53 Albert, 1., "Between Liberalization and Oppression: The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Africa" CODESRIA 1995