현대몽골어와 한국어의 의문문 대조 연구 = A Contrastive Study between the Interrogative Sentence of Modern Mongolian and Korean

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper contrasted and analyzed common interrogative sentences in modern Mongolian and Korean, which are the Yes/No questions, Wh-questions, and Alternative questions. As a result of this analysis, it was possible to identify the following characteristics.
In modern Mongolian, 'interrogative sentences without interrogative words' which take the form of connecting interrogative adverbs such as 'yy', 'үү', 'юу' or 'юү' (variant forms of 'уу/үү' and 'юу/юү') to the end of declarative sentences represent Yes/No questions, while 'interrogative sentences with interrogative words' which take the form of connecting interrogative particles such as 'бэ' or 'вэ' (variant forms of 'бэ/вэ') represent Wh-questions.
Interrogative sentences in modern Mongolian appear through interrogative words (асуух төлөөний үг), interrogative particles (асуух сул үг) and intonation (аялга), and out of these, interrogative words and interrogative particles are the most prevalent. Meanwhile, Korean interrogative sentences generally appear through interrogative words, interrogative word endings (sentence-closing ending) and intonation. While Mongolian and Korean are both SOV languages, whereas Mongolian expresses questions by connecting interrogative particles to the end of sentences (declarative sentences), Korean uses various interrogative sentence-closing endings in the place of interrogative particles. That is, interrogative sentence-closing endings are used instead of declarative sentence-closing endings for changes (conjugations) in the verb endings. In this aspect, the interrogative sentences in the two languages show fundamental differences.
While the interrogative sentences in modern Mongolian have different interrogative particles at the end of the sentences based on whether there are interrogative words in the interrogative sentence, this is not the case in Korean. This is because the interrogative sentences in Korean are formed through the changes (conjugations) in the verb endings at the end of the sentence regardless of whether there are interrogative words. In addition, in the case of Korean interrogative sentences, interrogative sentences are realized through changes in the verb endings based on the level of honorifics. Therefore, Mongolian students who study Korean have difficulties in properly understanding and learning the levels of interrogative endings in verbs in the honorific system based on the relationship between the speaker and the listener.
In both modern Mongolian and Korean, it is possible to make a sentence (declarative sentence) into an interrogative sentence by rising the intonation in the situations where there are no interrogative words or interrogative particles (in the case of Mongolian), or there are no changes in the verb ending (in the case of Korean) that make an interrogative sentence. This can be considered as a similar point of the two languages. In addition, there are no ways to make an interrogative sentence by changing the position of the predicate (change in word order).
In both modern Mongolian and Korean, it is impossible to understand the various possible meanings of sentences with ambiguity simply through sentence form or syntactic structure form. It is necessary to consider the various semantic and pragmatic elements including the intonation and tone of the speaker, changes in word order, surrounding environment, situation of the conversation, preceding and following context and conversational context. There should be proper understanding of the meanings from both languages to select and use the appropriate response forms.

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