새마을運動의 實績ㆍ評價에 관한 硏究 : 忠北 丹陽地域 山間을 중심으로 = A Study on the Evaluations of "Saemaul Undong Achievments in Korea
1. Significance of "Saemaul undong,,.
The saemaul undone is Korean type of the community development project that has undergone wide-spread success in developing countries throughout the world in recent years.
"Saemaul undong, which is based on traditionally cooperative spirits among Koreans has been initiated and guide-lined by president Park of the Republic of Korea.
In october 1970 the Saemaul pilot projects were conducted with emphasis on farm and fishery communities across the country by the Ministry of Home Affairs. With successful experiences from pilot projects, nationwide "Saemaul undong, was positively and actively tried by the Central "Saemaul undong,, coordination Board which is staffed with representative of appropriate Government agencies concerned in 1972.
"Saemaul undong,, is, in brief, a movement for prosperous life in future. In other word, it is a voluntary effort of not only an individual or a group of people but the entire society for their common good.
This nationwide movement should be spiritually based on diligence, self-help and cooperation of the participating individuals, groups or units so that they can try to achive better home, prosperous community and strong nation.
In the implementation of "Saemaul undong, when any problem arises or exists, plan is made by villagers on a voluntary basis to solue such problems with their own resources and manpower. However, when necessary or the problem is beyond the villager's financial or technical capabilities, they are supported by the Government financially or technically.
"Saemaul undong,, can be put into three main projects such as spiritual enlightenment, environmental improvements and income growth through increased production.
Emphasis was placed on environmental improvement project untill 1973. From 1974 on, "income growth through increased production,, has been emphasized not only in rural areas but also in some of urban regions.
Long-range plan of "Saemaul undong,, is as follows :
A. "Saemaul undong,, is implemented at three different stages as listed below.
(1) Stage I This stage may be called "Stage of foundation construction,,.(1971-1973)
At this stage spirits of "saemaul undong,, are gradually encouraged to the participants through basic environment improvements or other easy projects.
(2) Stage II-self-help and developing stage belongs to here (1974-1976).
At this stage, production foundation is expanded, assisted with the accomplishment of the standard rural environment.
(3) Stage III-"This stage can be expressed as Independent and completion stage,, (1977-1981).
A total of 34,665 farm villages throughout the country will turn into the standard farm village through increased farm production and income from other sources.
B. Each village is classified into one of the three different groups according to it's developmental level, namely underdeveloped villages, developing villages and developed villages, and each village is promoted to next developmental title, depending on progress of development.
C. Each of 34,665 villages is classified into one of the following patterns, according to it's tophographic location or other conditions, deeply mountainous villages ; medium mountainous villages; plain villages; fishery villages; suburban villages Suitable development method are used according to its pattern.
d. Considering that progect on a basis of a village unit is completed, a joint cooperative project is encouraged under the participation of several villages in a given area. "Saemaul undong,, which was ignited only five years ago, resulted in miraculous results which could not have been achieved for a few centuries in the past, changing farm villages as well as urban societies structurally and functionally. It has changed thought and way of living of the community residents, and remarkedly contributed to increase of the income and welfare of the people.
2. Achievements of Saemaul Undong
During the five years, the number of participants in 34,665 villages and 35 cities has approxmated to 332 million. The total number of projects completed during this period reached 4,495,000. Furthmore, the total worth produced by this movement was 2.5 times as great as the total amount of the government assistance.
The effects of Saemaul undong are as follows :
1) Improvement of Environment :
The environmental betterment project has contributed to the development of enthusiasm and the sense of self-help. One of the remarkable things is that the basic establishments for the modernization of the country have been already made. Most of the rural areas have been electrified. Telephones are installed in many villages. Makeshift water supply systems which supply clean and sanitary water to the villagers have been installed. The transportation networks have been readjusted and extendeded rural areas, connecting through the highway. Such public establishments as storehouses, marketplaces, village assembly halls, public bathrooms, and public libraries have been established in the rural villages.
2) Increase in Income
(1) The movement provided the strong basis for production and income-increase. The expansion of transportation networks including the construction of village and farm roads propelled both the improvement of transportation and marketing systems and the mechanization of farming ; the provision of irrigation farilities and the consolidation of farmlands improved the agricultural structure : the electrification and communication facilities of the rural villages enabled to extend the productive activities and flows of products. In the view of the increase in food production, Korea has experienced a revolution of "Tong-Il" variety species. Along with which, the government has supported various projects such as expansion of the base far agricultural production, mechanization of agricultural production, scientific methods of fertilization, farm technology, and top-soil improvement. As a result, the nation has achieved the historical record of rice production from 4.45 million tons in 1974 to 4.67 million tons in 1975.
(2) The movement established the cooperative production system.
(3) The movement employed the unemployed lobor in the rural region. Most of the unemployed people in the communities were mobilized to participate in a lot of saemaul projects and related income projects, particularly the wage-reinvesting projects and saemaul factories have greatly contributed to attracting the idle labor force.
3) Spiritual Enlightenment of the people. The philosophy of the Saemaul undone is based on the spirit of diligence, self·help, and cooperation. The new spiritual awakening of the people
Financial inputs to "Saemaul Undong"
◁표 참조▷ p. 460
Table 2 Project Achievements of "Saemaul Undong"
◁표 참조▷ p. 461
have laid the spiritual basis for the renewal of the economic environment. The hearts of the people are stirring with enthusiasm and desire for the new economic environment. The basis for the modernization of the country has matured through the spiritual enlightenment.
3. Evaluation on achievements of Saemaul Undong(case study)
In order to precisely evaluate and analyze achievements of "saemaul undong" sampling study for the entire nation is required. However it will be a attemped in the studs to be followed. In this study, deep mountainous villages, which are relatively adversely located, were selected as sample. They are seven villages located in the jurisdiction of choong song Puk to province, as shown below.
◁표 참조▷ p. 461
DANYANG Gun (county) of CHOONG PUK province occupies 10.6% of the province in size, and is mostly mountainous (83.7%) with arable land of 12.8%. Total farm house-hold is 64%, and remaining 36% is non-farmer.
Data were collected through interviews with village chiefs and leaders during the period of 26-28 Jan 76.
Evaluating criteria were put into the two main divisions, namely promising factors and project achievements, and the two were further, sub-divided for point, as follows ;
1) Promising factors : Resident's participation, planning, organization and operation, leaders and their leadership, operating funds
2) Project achievements : Improvement of the cultural environment, food production, income growth project, cooperative project, improvement of living conditions.
(Table 3) Total
◁표 참조▷ p. 462
These evaluating factors differ from each other in importance, a different weight has been multiplied for each factor.
Weight has been determined in order of importance expressed by the village leaders during the interviews.
Summarized below are results of the investigatin :
1) Promising factors : Residents were willing to participate in, and adequate number of leader was working, Howeer, majority of villages are in short supply of operating funds.
2) Project achievements : Enviromental improvements were remarkable, but progresses in the fields of production and income were insgnificant.
Overall points based on valuating factors are shown in the table below.
Therefore, village funds will have to be accumulated, and also emphasis should be placed on increase of income.
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