미중 무역전쟁: 미국 내에서 보호주의에 대한 저항과 중국의 대미 로비 = US-China Trade War: Resistance to Protectionism and the China Lobby in the U.S.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article analyzes U.S. trade policy making process toward China. It is quite a serious problem to neglect domestic politics in that the U.S. and China have fundamentally different trade policy making process. Unlike China, where the Communist Party and the State Council coordinate policies in a shipshape manner, the White House, the administration, Congress, think tanks, business community and the media have very diverse voices in the U.S. In the history of US trade policy, geographically-specific producer groups have repeatedly reorganized themselves with different preferences. As the U.S. has a much more complex and multi-layered decision-making process than China, it is necessary to look at various interest groups other than the White House and the administration to understand the dynamics of U.S. policy-making process toward China. In fact, China is using the U.S. lobbying system in an effort to change the Trump administration's trade policy. The Chinese government and the media are directly employing American lobbying companies and sponsoring policy research at think tanks, as well as indirectly inducing U.S. companies investing in or exporting to China to put an influence over their government. Although failing to shift the Trump administration's policy stance, China's lobbying has an evident impact by amplifying the anti-protectionist sentiment in the U.S

국문 초록 (Abstract)

무역전쟁으로 인한 경제적 피해가 어느 한 국가에게만 집중되지 않고 양국 모두에서 심각하게 나타날 수 있기 때문에, 양국 정부 모두 확전을 하는데 정치적 부담을 가지고 있다. 이 점을 이해하기 위해서는 무역전쟁을 지속하는데 필요한 국내정치적 기반을 검토하는 것이 필수적이다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 대부분의 분석과 보도는 미국과 중국의 국제정치적 차원의 전략적 경쟁에 주목함으로써 양국 내에서 무역 정책이 어떻게 수립되어 집행되는가에 대해서는 주의하지 않고 있다. 미국과 중국이 근본적으로 상이한 무역 정책결정과정을 가지고 있다는 점에서 국내정치적 측면을 소홀하게 취급하는 것은 상당히 심각한 문제라고 할 수 있다. 중국에서는 공산당, 국무원, 관영언론(인민일보, 신화사, 환구시보)이 일사불란하게 대응을 하고 있지만, 미국에서는 백악관, 행정부, 의회, 정책연구기관(think tank), 재계, 언론이 서로 다른 목소리를 내고 있다. 중국은 미국의 로비 제도를 이용하여 트럼프 행정부 무역정책의 변화를 도모하고 있다. 중국 정부와 언론이 미국의 로비 기업를 고용하고 정책연구기관을 후원하는 직접적인 방식은 물론 중국에 대규모로 투자하거나 수출하는 미국 기업들에게 미국 정부에 영향력을 미치게 하는 간접적인 방식도 활용하고 있다. 이런 맥락에서 통상정책에 이해관계를 가지고 있는 미국기업, 농민, 소비자, 노동자의 입장을 분석하는 것은 미중 무역전쟁을 이해하는데 필수적이다.

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