KCI등재
Tudor王朝와 Stuart王朝 와의 議會의 性格硏究 = A Comparative Study on the chracter of Parliament of Tudor Period and Stuart Period.
저자
林湖洙 (충남대학교 인문과학연구소)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1981
작성언어
Korean
주제어
KDC
001
등재정보
KCI등재
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
143-168(26쪽)
제공처
소장기관
Toward the end of the middle age, a Parliament similar to the modern English Parliament was born. It was called almost every year and the members gave advice to the king and agreed or disagreed with proposals proposed by the kings to impose taxes.
In the performance of their duty, they informed the king of public opinion, influenced the king's law-making decision, and checked the unreasonable actions of the king. As a result, it became a custom for the king claim the agreement of parliament before executing the law. So, the people's rights were maintained by the traditional common laws.
Old nobilities were destroied during the War of Roses, and the new nobles were very obedient to the kings. The nobles who had lost their power were interested in managing their land in order to gain a good profit ; they were called the Gentry class. Instead of resisting their kings like the nobles of the middle age, the new nobles helped the kings in company with the rich farmers who were usually called Yeoman class, and the bourgoisie engaged in commerce and industry. As the result of their cooperation, the absoluted state was born in England.
The period of the absoluted state began from the time of king Henry the 7th in England, who was the first king of the Tudor Dynasty. The new rich citizens constituted the majority in the parliament of the day. They thought that the administration of the state was the duty of king and they were satisfied to give advice for their king and sometimes commented on politics and agreed or disagreed to the proposals proposed by their king to impose taxes. In addition they devoted themselves to the accumulation of riches.
It was positively necessary for them to have a strong government, to maintain public peace and to defend against invasions by enemies in order to accumulation of riches. As they felt great dreat disappointment at the disorders they saw during the war of Roses, they supported their kings so as not to permit invasion by the Spanish Navy. At that time Spain was the leader of the catholic world and she threatened England
with invasion greatly.
Under such circumstances, the kings of the Tudor Dynasty had the support of people, especially rich men who upheld the hand of their kings.
Consequently Parliament become very obidient to the king and was called a Docile Parliament made of willow rather than oak. But the Invincible Armada of Spain was destroried by England in 1558 and the destruction of her navy caused the English People to feel security, so they could have room to quarrel with the king. Afterwards the co-operation between kings and Gentry collapsed. Toward the end of the Elizabethan
era the English People come into collision with their kings.
After the Tudor Dynasty the first king of the Stuart Dynasty James the first, came to the throne and the quarrel between the king and Parliament become violent. The greater part of the members of Parliament were men of higher education and they were not satisfied to merely give advice to the king but hoped to act as proposers of national policy. Then the kings asserted the theory of the Divine Rights of the king and refused to intervene in national policy. Contrary to this, was the assertion that the sovereign power lay in the people by Parlianent. King and Parliament clashed in quarrel about sovereignty and to whom it should belong. The Puritan Revolution broke out in 1642.
During the revolution, the Independant Party gainded the last victory and they excluded Presbyterian Party. They condemned king Charles the first to death, abolished the House of Lords, and establish republican form of government. During the commonwealth, English Parliament was modernized very much. A good constitution called the “Agreement of the People” was created by the Independent Party much influenced by the revellers, very radical democrats. But later the revellers were surpressed by the Independent Party and the revolution fell back.
The only written constitutoin of England, called the Instrument of Government, was put in force by Cromwell, the first leader of the Puritan Revolution. As a result of this law he was recommended to be the Lord Protector and he tried to stabilize the political situation. It was proved that any institutions not based on the traditional law of England could not stabilize the political situation. He felt pains and died, for he could not stabilize the political situation and many riots continually broke out. Next the Restoration had come.
Restoration did not mean going back to an absolute monarchy like Tudor or the first stage of the stuart Dynasty, but meant the formation of a government in which the rich were the leading power in the parliament and in which they co-operated with the king. But James the second forgot the lesson of the revolution and acted as an autocrat. So, another revolution broke out, called the Glorious Revolution. King James the second was driven out and when the new king, William, came to the throne, he approved the Bill of Rights and Parliament become the center of politics. It took a long time to realize the democratic Principles asserted by the “Agreement of the People” during the Puritan Revolution.
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