스마트워치의 주요 신체 활동 측정 기능이 이용자의 목표추구동기에 미치는 영향 : 건강자기효능감의 매개효과 = The Effect of Smartwatch's Major Physical Activity Tracking Function on Users' Goal Pursuit Motivation : The Mediating Effect of Health Self-Efficacy

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 스마트워치의 주요 신체 활동 측정 기능(활동량 정보 기능, 건강 정보 기능, 보상 기능)과 스마트워치 이용자들의 건강자기효능감과 목표추구동기 간의 관계를 규명하는 것이 주목적이다. 연구 대상은 미국에 거주하며 애플워치를 이용 중인 성인 남녀를 대상으로 하였으며 6일간 온라인을 통해 설문을 진행하였다. 편의표본추출법을 통해 21개 측정 문항으로 구성한 설문지로 최종 328부의 유효표본을 확보하였다. 본 연구의 인구통계학적 특성, 신뢰도, 타당도 및 각 변인 간의 인과관계를 검증하기 위해 SPSS 28.0과 AMOS 28.0 통계 패키지 프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과에 따르면, 첫째, 스마트워치의 활동량 정보 기능과 보상 기능을 통해 정확한 데이터를 많이 제공할수록 이용자들의 목표추구동기가 강해지는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 스마트워치의 활동량 정보 기능이 목표추구동기에 영향을 미치는 데 있어 이용자의 건강자기효능감이 부정적인 매개 역할을 수행하는 원인으로 확인되었다. 반면 스마트워치의 보상 기능이 목표추구동기에 영향을 미치는 데 있어 이용자의 건강자기효능감이 긍정적인 매개 역할을 수행하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 건강 정보 기능이 스마트워치 이용자의 목표추구동기에 직접적으로 영향을 미치지 않았지만 건강자기효능감이 두 변인 간의 관계에서 완전 매개효과를 나타냈다. 본 연구는 헬스 웨어러블 기기인 스마트워치의 주요 신체 활동 측정 기능을 활동량 정보 기능, 건강 정보 기능, 보상 기능으로 구체화하여 이용자들의 심리적 요인과 결합한 실증 분석을 하였다는 점에서 이론적 기반 형성에 기여하였다. 또한, 신체 활동을 통한 건강 증진과 점차 확대하고 있는 헬스 웨어러블 시장의 현황을 반영해 효율적인 마케팅 전략을 제시함에 따라 실무적으로 시의적절한 시사점을 제공하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between smartwatch’s major physical activity tracking functions (activity information, health information, and reward funtions) of smartwatches and health self-efficacy and goal pursuit motivation of smartwatch users. The subjects of the study were adult men and women living in the United States and using the Apple Watch, who were surveyed with a 21 item questionnaire using online convenience sampling over a 6-day period, resulting in 328 valid data. SPSS 28.0 and AMOS 28.0 programs were used to analyse the demographic characteristics, reliability, validity and causal relationship between each variable in this study. According to the results of the study, firstly, the more accurate data provided by the activity information function and reward function of the smartwatch, the stronger the users’ goal pursuit motivation. Second, the negative mediating role of users’ health self-efficacy on the effect of the activity information function of the smartwatch on goal pursuit motivation was confirmed. On the other hand, users' health self-efficacy had a positive mediating role in the effect of the reward function of smartwatches on goal pursuit motivation. Third, although the health information function did not directly affect smartwatch users’ goal pursuit motivation, health self-efficacy fully mediated the relationship between the two variables. This study contributed to the formation of a theoretical foundation by specifying major physical activity tracking functions of smartwatches, a health wearable device, as activity information function, health information function, and reward function, combining them with the psychological causes of users, and conducting an empirical analysis. In addition, the study provides timely practical implications by suggesting efficient marketing strategies to improve health through physical activity and reflecting the status of the gradually expanding health wearable market.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 박윤하 ; 윤재영, "헬스케어 게이미피케이션 융합적전략 및 효과" 25 : 175-188, 2016
• 2 장경로 ; 박지선 ; 김태희, "피트니스 웨어러블 기기의 사용자경험이 상품애착 및 지속사용의도에 미치는 영향" 26 (26): 83-97, 2021
• 3 김영준 ; 김유상 ; 김태희, "피트니스 애플리케이션의 게이미피케이션 (Gamification) 전략이 사용자 몰입과 지속사용의도에 미치는 영향" 24 (24): 55-73, 2019
• 4 김계수, "조사연구방법론" 한나래출판사 2011
• 5 이정래 ; 권기남, "스마트워치 사용자들의 건강관리에 관한 비판적 고찰" 32 (32): 92-109, 2019
• 6 김지인, "스마트밴드의 건강증진효과 평가: 대사증후군 관리대상자를 중심으로" 135-137, 2016
• 7 허갑수 ; 변상우, "셀프 리더십이 목표몰입에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 : 자기 효능감의 매개효과검증" 31 (31): 23-44, 2012
• 8 민윤기, "모바일 디지털 헬스케어 어플리케이션의 지속 사용 동기부여 디자인 연구: 경쟁과 금전적 보상을 중심으로" 156-160, 2022
• 9 강현욱 ; 김지태, "노인의 지각된 사회적지지와 자기효능감이 건강증진행위에 미치는 영향" 33 (33): 57-68, 2009
• 10 Rieder, A., "Why users comply with Wearables : The role of contextual self-efficacy in behavioral change" 37 (37): 281-294, 2021
• 11 Windasari, N. A., "Why do people continue using fitness wearables? The effect of interactivity and gamification" 11 (11): 2021
• 12 Holko, M., "Wearable fitness tracker use in federally qualified health center patients : Strategies to improve the health of all of us using digital health devices" 5 (5): 53-, 2022
• 13 Ogbanufe, O., "Watch it!Factors driving continued feature use of the smartwatch" 34 (34): 999-1014, 2018
• 14 Liu, J., "Users’ intention to continue using online mental health communities : Empowerment theory perspective" 18 (18): 9427-, 2021
• 15 Song, D., "User preferences for gamification elements in Smartwatch Fitness Applications" 178-185, 2022
• 16 Gao, Z., "Urban Latino children's physical activity levels and performance in interactive dance video games : Effects of goal difficulty and goal specificity" 166 (166): 933-937, 2012
• 17 Swann, C., "Updating goal-setting theory in physical activity promotion : A critical conceptual review" 15 (15): 34-50, 2021
• 18 Siepmann, C., "Understanding continued smartwatch usage : The role of emotional as well as health and fitness factors" 31 (31): 795-809, 2021
• 19 Locke, E. A., "Toward a theory of task motivation and incentives" 3 (3): 157-189, 1968
• 20 Rupp, M. A., "The role of individual differences on perceptions of wearable fitness device trust, usability, and motivational impact" 70 : 77-87, 2018
• 21 Sinn, J. S., "The predictive and discriminant validity of masculinity ideology" 31 (31): 117-135, 1997
• 22 Schönfeld, P., "The effects of daily stress on positive and negative mental health : Mediation through self-efficacy" 16 (16): 1-10, 2016
• 23 Hausman, A. V., "The effect of web interface features on consumer online purchase intentions" 62 (62): 5-13, 2009
• 24 Jeong, Y. H., "The application of goal setting theory to goal setting interventions in sport : A systematic review" 16 (16): 474-449, 2021
• 25 Zhang, M., "Technical attributes, health attribute, consumer attributes and their roles in adoption intention of healthcare wearable technology" 108 : 97-109, 2017
• 26 권영학 ; 김용찬 ; 백영민, "TV 건강프로그램 시청경험은 어떻게 건강증진행동으로 이어지는가? : 건강 자기효능감의 매개효과를 중심으로" 58 (58): 350-370, 2014
• 27 Anderson-Bill, E. S., "Social cognitive determinants of nutrition and physical activity among web-health users enrolling in an online intervention: The influence of social support, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and self-regulation" 13 (13): e1551-, 2011
• 28 Bandura, A., "Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational effects of goal systems" 45 (45): 1017-, 1983
• 29 Bandura, A., "Self-efficacy : Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change" 84 (84): 191-215, 1977
• 30 Ajzen, I., "Reasoned action in the service of goal pursuit" 126 (126): 774-, 2019
• 31 Zhang, Y. D., "Quantified or nonquantified : How quantification affects consumers'motivation in goal pursuit" 18 (18): 120-134, 2019
• 32 Elnagar, A., "Prediction of the intention to use a smartwatch : A comparative approach using machine learning and partial least squares structural equation modeling" 29 : 100913-, 2022
• 33 Wang, T., "Physical self matters : How the dual nature of body image influences smart watch purchase intention" 13 : 846491-, 2022
• 34 Davis, F. D., "Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology" 13 (13): 319-340, 1989
• 35 Locke, E. A., "New developments in goal setting and task performance" Routledge 623-630, 2013
• 36 Hair, J. F., "Multivariate data analysis with readings" 151 (151): 558-, 1988
• 37 Statista, "Most used eHealth tracker / smart watches by brand in the U.S. in 2022 [Graph]"
• 38 Pettinico, G., "Living by the numbers : Understanding the"quantification effect"" 34 (34): 281-291, 2017
• 39 Lee, S. Y., "Interplay of negative emotion and health self-efficacy on the use of health information and its outcomes" 35 (35): 358-381, 2008
• 40 Shilts, M. K., "Goal setting as a strategy for dietary and physical activity behavior change : A review of the literature" 19 (19): 81-93, 2004
• 41 Statista, "Global revenue of Apple from 2004 to 2023 [Graph]"
• 42 Cho, I., "Gamified wearable fitness tracker for physical activity : A comprehensive literature review" 13 (13): 7017-, 2021
• 43 Oh, H. J., "Facebooking for health : An examination into the solicitation and effects of health-related social support on social networking sites" 29 (29): 2072-2080, 2013
• 44 Kang, M. J., "Exploring the factors affecting the continued usage intention of IoT-based healthcare wearable devices using the TAM model" 14 (14): 12492-, 2022
• 45 Michie, S., "Evaluating the effectiveness of behavior change techniques in health-related behavior : A scoping review of methods used" 8 (8): 212-224, 2018
• 46 Fornell, C., "Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error" 18 (18): 39-50, 1981
• 47 Suh, A., "Enhancing user engagement through gamification" 58 (58): 204-213, 2018
• 48 Lim, J. S., "Effects of gain-versus loss-framed performance feedback on the use of fitness apps : Mediating role of exercise self-efficacy and outcome expectations of exercise" 77 : 249-257, 2017
• 49 Kingston, K. M., "Effects of different types of goals on processes that support performance" 11 (11): 277-293, 1997
• 50 Rajanen, D., "Digitization for fun or reward? A study of acceptance of wearable devices for personal healthcare" 154-163, 2017
• 51 Hu, L. T., "Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis : Conventional criteria versus new alternatives" 6 (6): 1-55, 1999
• 52 Tsai, J. M., "Continued usage of smart wearable devices(SWDs) : Cross-level analysis of gamification and network externality" 32 (32): 1661-1676, 2022
• 53 Laran, J., "Consumer goal pursuit" 10 : 22-26, 2016
• 54 Hsu, C. L., "Consumer behavior in online game communities : A motivational factor perspective" 23 (23): 1642-1659, 2007
• 55 Bentler, P. M., "Comparative fit indexes in structural models" 107 (107): 238-246, 1990
• 56 Locke, E. A., "Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation : A 35-year odyssey" 57 (57): 705-, 2002
• 57 Basha, N. K., "Are we so over smartwatches? Or can technology, fashion, and psychographic attributes sustain smartwatch usage?" 69 : 101952-, 2022
• 58 Jarrahi, M. H., "Activity trackers, prior motivation, and perceived informational and motivational affordances" 22 : 433-448, 2018
• 59 Maltseva, K., "A quantum of self : A study of self-quantification and self-disclosure" 81 : 102-114, 2018