Novel Streamlined Methodology for Designing Microstrip Series-Fed Antenna Arrays with Arbitrary Realizable Patterns.
저자
발행사항
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2022
학위수여대학
The Ohio State University Electrical and Computer Engineering
수여연도
2022
작성언어
영어
주제어
학위
Ph.D.
페이지수
166 p.
지도교수/심사위원
Advisor: Chen, Chi-Chih.
The antenna pattern is an essential part of the design of RF systems and affects the performance and capabilities for many applications in communications, radar, and sensing. There are many applications which require specified antenna patterns with specific directivity, beamwidth, and sidelobe level (SLL). Single-element antennas usually have simple and specific patterns which are difficult to be shaped to meet more complicated pattern requirements. For instance, the popular parabolic reflector antenna uses a reflector which can be shaped to produce a desired radiation pattern with high directivity. However, it has a large structure and can only produce single fixed-beam patterns. On the other hand, array antennas consist of multiple antenna elements which together can be used to synthesize antenna patterns with narrower beams and lower sidelobes as compared to single-element antennas. More specifically, many applications which require high directivity, narrow beam patterns with low sidelobes include: (1) radars, which often use a narrow beam to detect targets for achieving a better angular resolution, higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and low sidelobes to avoid ambiguity coming from signal returns from other directions; (2) modern cellular phone base stations which employ specially shaped beam patterns to provide uniform signal strength with the coverage area while minimizing radiation into the sky; (3) newest satellite communications/broadcasting systems which adopt spotlight beams to cover specific zones while reducing interference into neighboring areas for enhanced security and SNR. The first array antennas for producing shaped directive beam patterns were introduced during World War II for early radar systems using an array of dipole elements. The disadvantages of such a dipole array were that the dipole elements were large 3D objects requiring manual labor to produce and the design was difficult to use for higher frequency such as for X band or higher. The Yagi-Uda antenna, an end-fired dipole array, uses parasitic dipoles to produce high gain and have also been widely used for receiving broadcast and communication signals in the VHF and UHF frequency range. The later generation of radar systems used slotted waveguides, with the arrays of slots cut into the sides of waveguide walls. These slots are sequentially excited with proper phase and magnitude as the electromagnetic waves propagate along the waveguide, constituting a type of series-fed array. The main disadvantage of the slotted-waveguide antenna lies in their 3D structure, which is not easy to fabricate accurately, especially at frequencies above 18 GHz.In modern applications, printed circuit board (PCB) antennas using microstrip patch elements are preferred since they can provide small, lightweight, low-profile planar designs which are easily manufactured using modern PCB fabrication. PCB antennas are also favored for their ease in interfacing the antennas with modern monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) devices used in RF systems. Phased array antennas are used in many modern applications which require actively scanning the beam to different angles. In earlier phased array systems, a single high-power source such as a Klystron or Traveling Wave Tube (TWT) produced an RF signal with MW or GW of total power distributed over all array elements. This approach requires careful management of the high-voltage and thermal issues. With the advances in small high-power solid-state amplifiers, modern phased arrays replace the single high-power source and distribution architecture with a small individual transmit/receive (T/R) module behind every array element. This makes PCB-based array antennas even more desirable for its ease in interface between array elements and T/R modules.While phased arrays using T/R modules are mainly used for military and defense high power radar applications, many commercial communication systems applications need small, lightweight, low-profile, and low-cost high-gain antennas with specified radiation patterns with narrow fixed beams and low sidelobes. Some of these examples include (1) automobile radar systems which require broad elevation beamwidth and narrow azimuth beamwidth, with low sidelobe patterns for detecting people and objects, (2) base station antennas on cellular towers which require a special shaped pattern for providing uniform signal strength over the coverage area at different distances from the tower, and (3) the user-segment of the satellite communications systems which requires specific antenna gain levels and patterns that meet certain FCC gain-pattern envelope masks for avoiding interference to neighboring satellites. For these applications, the antenna array must be designed to produce a specific radiation pattern by controlling the amplitude and phase distribution across the array aperture which is related to the far-field pattern via the Fourier transform relationship. Without using T/R modules on each array element as in the more expensive military and defense phased arrays, a sophisticated feeding network. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest).
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