도가사상의 페미니즘적 전망 = Taoism and Feminism

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Has Taoism been successful? One may bring a judgement that Taoism has been unsuccessful if s/he consider the ultimate purpose of Taoism as only to recover the primitive matricentric society, overcoming a patriarchal and discriminatively civilized society. However, if the ones consider the purpose of Taoism as to criticize and to restraint the hidden violence in society, and to suggest any alternative ways against violence, s/he can say Taoism has been successful. In these ways, Taoism can be vital ideology supporting critical bases. In Taoism, Tao is the infinite source of life, and virtue is the original appearance of life born in nature. Both Tao and virtue are the concepts constructed by life that is playing its role as a medium. The life is sustained only by coexistence of yin and yang representing feminine qualities and masculine qualities respectively. According to Taoism, everything in the universe has both quality of yin and yang. Any individual can sustain its life only by balancing its own qualities of yin and yang. In other words, to sustain one`s life and to make someone born can be succeed by coexistence and equivalent combination of yin and yang. If the balance of yin and yang is cast, our body may lose its natural ability of regulation. Therefore, It is surely improper to regarding one side is superior than the other side. One may find out some phrases in 『Lao-tzu』 that sound like emphasizing feminine qualities. Even though some may sound like admiring the superiority of feminine qualities, one shouldn`t consider Lao-tzu as the one who desired to make female dominance society. He brought into relief the value of feminine qualities in extremely male dominance society. He wanted to balance yin and yang, pursued the equality of both sexes, and he desired this society be in harmony with yin and yang, or female and male. Ultimately, Lao-tzu had pursued the society in which gender distinction has no such an importance. Some scholars such as ChenGuYing never hesitate to consider Lao-tzu as the first feminist in history of human being. Actually, Lao-tzu or Chuang-tzu didn`t mention about women`s liberation explicitly. However, we can find out the germ of feminism from their thoughts. One may wonder why we consider Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu as feminists, even though they didn`t mention about feminine problem explicitly. However, Taoism is against all kinds of discrimination. Especially, Taoism criticize patriarchal systems of Confucianism. Therefore, considering the concepts of Taoism to refuse any restriction whether it is tangible or intangible as well as the concepts of being against any kinds of discrimination, I suppose feminine problem is included in Taoism.

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