「小集團」硏究에 關한 理論的 考察 : -社會學. 社會心理學을 中心으로- = Theoretical Investigation of The 「Small Group」

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

(1) Types of Small Groups
Sociologists often consider serveral "levels" of social systems, which differ not only n size but in complexity. A common classification of social systems ranges from minimum to maximum complexity and includes the "indivdual," the "dyad" the "small group" the "organization" and the "society" note that the dyad-adialogue between only two interacting individuals-is a level of complexity between the individual and the small group. Hence, for reasons which shall be appearent in later chapters, the small group requires a minimum of three members.
Our concern is with the small group and its members. Factors outside the boundaries of that social system shall be deemed lessimportant. But many different types of small groups exist within organizations and societies. And not all of these small groups can be characterized by possessing decision-making purposes. While all small groups reflect many characteristics in commmon, the purpose peculiar to one type of small group renders it quite different from other. small groups with different purposes.
Viewing group decision making in perspective necessitates a survey of the common types of groups. And since groups are generally classified according to the purpose they intend to accomplish, awareness of the purposes performed by small groups and for which small groups are formed an maintained.
During the past ten or fifteen years the "thaning group," or T-group as it is commonly known, has become extremely popular throughout our society. Despite the numerous variations among training groups, we shall consider all groups which exist for the general purpose of interpersonal growth within the generic definition of training groups.Common varieties of training groups include sensitivity traning groups, encounter groups, confrontation groups, awareneess groups, synanon-type groups, discovery grups, sensory awareness groups, creativity workshops, and a host of other variations too numerous to mention.
"Therapy for normal people" is one over simplified explanation of the purpose served by training groups. Generally a training groups attempts to modify the normal behaviors of its members through developing interpersonal sensitivity, human relations skill, mutual trust, and a freer expression of personal feelings, in short, the purpose of a training groups is the interpersonal development and growth of its participating members. While specific devicesand techniques may vary from one kid of training group to another, the basic purpose of all training groups remains similar- behavioral change through interpersonal growth.
(2) The Group as a System
The idenity of a groups apart from the identities of its individual members-"groupness"-has bee established. A more common method of expressing this same principle is literally a chliche-that is, a group is "more than sum of it sparts." This principle of nonsummativity assumes that individual components comprise a single entity and, turther, is characteristic of a system.
A entire body of theoretical knowledge, commonly known as general system theory may be beneficial to furthering our understanding of the group process. A "system" may be defined simply as an entity which behaves as an entity because of the interdependence of its component parts. a group-system, then is a group which behaves collectively as a group because of the interdependece of its members. Every system possesses three elements which describe its existence-structure, function, and evolution.
The structure of a system may be regarded as the physical arrangement of components in space at any given point in time, if a cake were considered as a system, the components of the cake are the ingredients-flour, shortening, baking powder, eggs, milk, etc. After they are mixed in the bowl, these ingredients are relatively hmogeneously arrangedd in the structure of batter in which the dry ingredients (e.g., the flour and baking powder) are suspended in the homogeneousq liquid mixture( eggs, milk, shortening). The important thing to remember about systemic structure is the limitation imposed by space. Time is static in the determination of sturcture thus, the above structure of the cake is a description of the arrangement of ingredients as a specific point in time-the batter stage, after ingredients are mixed and before baking, naturally, the sturcture of the cake is different from one point in time to another, thus, a system undergoes continueous structural changes as time passes.
(3) Sociometry
Sociometric methods are also commonly utilized for observing small groups. Sociometry, whose pictorial representations of social relationships are often known as sociograms, concerns itself solely with selected elements of the social dimension of a system, essentially, sociometric methods seek to discover interpersonal attracions and repulsions among various members of the group, that is, the positive and negative feelings each group member has for each other member.
While valuable as an insight into a group's socioemotinal dimension, sociometric methods afford at best only apartial view of the process of group development. By discovering the extent to which members are attracted to other members are attracted to other members and are willing to work with them in other endeavors, the observer has some basis for assessing the degree of cohesivess of that group. But in terms of any knowledge of a group's task dimension, sociometry is quite irrelevant.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 小集團硏究의 意義
• 1. 小集團의 重要性
• 2. 小集團의 定義
• 3. 小集團과 用語의 必要性
• 4. 小集團硏究에 對한 關心
• Ⅱ. 小集團硏究의 歷史的 槪觀
• 1. 小集團硏究의 前史
• 2. 小集團의 再發見
• 가. Hawthorne 實驗
• 나. Sociometry
• 다. Group dynamics
• 3. 小集團硏究의 發展
• Ⅲ. 小集團의 發展과 變動
• 1. 小集團硏究의 展望
• 가. 組織體의 立場에서
• 나. Communication論의 立場에서
• 다. 大衆社會論의 立場에서
• 라. Model 形成과 調査의 戰略
• 2. 結語