World development indicators . 2000

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Front matter
• Foreword = ⅴ
• Acknowledgments = ⅵ
• Preface = ⅶ
• Partners = xii
• Users guide = xxii
• 1 WORLD VIEW
• Introduotion = 3
• International development goals = 8
• 1.1 Size of the economy = 10
• 1.2 Development progress = 14
• 1.3 Gender differences = 18
• 1.4 Trends in long-term economic development = 22
• 1.5 Long-term structural change = 26
• 1.6 Key indicators for other economies = 30
• Box
• 1a The international development goals = 5
• Figures
• 1a The poorest have least access to maternal and child health services = 6
• 1b Some developing regions are well on their way to meeting the enrollment target = 7
• Text tables
• 1a Poverty in developing and transition economies, selected years, 1987-98 = 4
• 1b Under-five mortality rate in poorest and richest quintiles = 5
• 2 PEOPLE
• Introduction = 33
• 2.1 Population = 38
• 2.2 Population dynamics = 42
• 2.3 Labor force structure = 46
• 2.4 Employment by economic activity = 50
• 2.5 unemployment = 54
• 2.6 wages and productivity = 58
• 2.7 Poverty = 62
• 2.8 Distribution of income or consumption = 66
• 2.9 Education inputs = 70
• 2.10 Participation in education = 74
• 2.11 Education efficiency = 78
• 2.12 Education outcomes = 82
• 2.13 Gender and education = 86
• 2.14 Health expenditure, services, and use = 90
• 2.15 Disease prevention : coverage and quality = 94
• 2.16 Reproductive health = 98
• 2.17 Health : risk factors and future challenges = 102
• 2.18 Mortality = 106
• Boxes
• 2a Projecting the future = 34
• 2b Population and development = 36
• Figures
• 2a The interval for adding another billion in world population has become shorter and shorter = 34
• 2b Where the next billion will come from = 34
• 2c Most of the next billion will be born in low-income countries = 35
• 2d Rapid growth in the working-age population in low-income countries will add to population momentum = 35
• 2.1 The rate of population growth is slowing faster than absolute growth is = 41
• 2.2 Growth in the working-age and elderly populations has accelerated in developing countries = 45
• 2.4 The informal sector is a vital source of employment = 53
• 2.9 Households account for much of the spending on education = 73
• 2.10 Millions of the world's children still are not in school = 77
• 2.15 Poor children are much less likely to be fully immunized = 97
• 2.17 Developing countries will see a rapidly growing health impact from smoking = 105
• 2.18 Under-five mortality is dramatically higher among the poorest = 109
• Text tables
• 2.3a The gap between men's and women's labor force participation is narrowing = 49
• 2.5a Unemployment-rate by level of educational attainment = 57
• 2.13a Male and female unemployment rate by education level, 1994-97 = 89
• 2.14a Health expenditure by aggregation method, 1990-98 = 93
• 2.16a Total fertility and access to reproductive health care among the poorest and richest, various years. 1990s = 101
• 3 ENVIRONMENT
• Introduction = 111
• 3.1 Rural environment and land use = 114
• 3.2 Agricultural inputs = 118
• 3.3 Agricultural output and productivity = 122
• 3.4 Deforestation and biodiversity = 126
• 3.5 Freshwater = 130
• 3.6 Water pollution = 134
• 3.7 Energy production and use = 138
• 3.8 Energy efficiency and emissions = 142
• 3.9 Sources of electricity = 146
• 3.10 Urbanization = 150
• 3.11 Urban environment = 154
• 3.12 Traffic and congestion = 158
• 3.13 Air pollution = 162
• 3.14 Government commitment = 164
• 3.15 Toward a measure of genuine savings = 168
• Boxes
• 3a Monitoring progress in rural development = 113
• 3b International goal for environmental sustainability and regeneration = 113
• Figures
• 3a The world has shifted toward cleaner energy... = 112
• 3b ...and the trend is expected to continue = 112
• 3.1a Rural areas hold a shrinking share of the population everywhere... = 117
• 3.1b ...but in low-income countries rural dwellers continue to grow in number = 117
• 3.2a Fertilizer consumption has more than doubled in low-income countries... = 121
• 3.2b ...and in East Asia and the Pacific = 121
• 3.3a The world's food production has outpaced its population growth... = 125
• 3.3b ...except in Sub-Saharan Africa, where food production has barely kept up with population growth = 125
• 3.5 Agriculture accounted for most freshwater withdrawals in developing economies in the past two decades... and for most of the growth in withdrawals in the past century = 133
• 3.6 As per capita income rises, pollution intensity falls = 137
• 3.7a Access to energy is uneven = 141
• 3.7b Wealthy countries consume a disproportionate share of the world's energy = 141
• 3.8a Carbon dioxide emissions vary widely across countries = 145
• 3.8b Industrial countries account for most of the world's carbon dioxide emissions = 145
• 3.9 The world's electricity sources are shifting―but coal still dominates = 149
• 3.10 The world's largest cities continue to boom = 153
• 3.12 Growth in passenger cars accelerates = 161
• 3.14 Climate change and biodiversity at the fore = 166
• Text tables
• 3.11a Population of the world's 10 largest metropolitan areas in 1000, 1800, 1900, and 2000 = 157
• 3.12a The top 10 vehicle-owning countries, 1998 = 161
• 3.14a Status of national environmental action plans = 164
• 3.14b States that have signed the Convention on Climate Change = 165
• 4 ECONOMY
• Introduction = 173
• 4.1 Growth of output = 182
• 4.2 Structure of output = 186
• 4.3 Structure of manufacturing = 190
• 4.4 Growth of merchandise trade = 194
• 4.5 Structure of merchandise exports = 198
• 4.6 Structure of merchandise imports = 202
• 4.7 Structure of service exports = 206
• 4.8 Structure of service imports = 210
• 4.9 Structure of demand = 214
• 4.10 Growth of consumption and investment = 218
• 4.11 Structure of consumption in PPP terms = 222
• 4.12 Relative prices in PPP terms = 225
• 4.13 Central government finances = 228
• 4.14 Central government expenditures = 232
• 4.15 Central government revenues = 236
• 4.16 Monetary indicators and prices = 240
• 4.17 Balance of payments current account = 244
• 4.18 External debt = 248
• 4.19 External debt management = 252
• Boxes
• 4a An enhanced framework for poverty reduction = 176
• 4.12 A question of methodology = 227
• Figures
• 4a HIPCs have seen their incomes decline-while those of other poor countries have risen = 174
• 4b HIPCs have made less progress in reducing illiteracy... = 174
• 4c ...in lowering infant mortality... = 174
• 4d ...and in slowing fertility = 174
• 4e HIPCs are also falling further behind in paving roads... = 175
• 4f ...and in extending telephone service = 175
• 4g HIPCs have not made the shift from agriculture to industry and services... = 175
• 4h ...but they have maintained a higher share of exports = 175
• 4i HIPCs higher aid per capita... 176
• 4j ...has translated into higher debt per capita = 176
• 4.3 Manufacturing growth slowed in East Asia = 193
• 4.7 Exports of commercial services stalled in 1998 = 209
• 4.10 Private consumption has accelerated in East Asia and the Pacific = 221
• 4.13 fiscal balances in Asia = 231
• 4.14 High public interest payments strain national budgets in many developing and transition economies = 235
• 4.15 High-income countries draw a large share of current revenue from income taxes... while many developing countries rely on duties and excise taxes = 239
• 4.17 On the road to recovery? Current accounts turn positive in East Asia = 247
• 4.18 World Bank and International Monetary Fund lending expanded in the regions most at risk of financial crisis in 1998 = 251
• Text tables
• 4a Recent economic performance = 178
• 4b Key macroeconomic indicators = 179
• 5 STATES AND MARKETS
• Introduction = 257
• 5.1 Credit, investment, and expenditure = 260
• 5.2 Stock markets = 264
• 5.3 Portfolio investment regulation and risk = 268
• 5.4 Financial depth and efficiency = 272
• 5.5 Tax policies = 276
• 5.6 Relative prices and exchange rates = 280
• 5.7 Defense expenditures and trade in arms = 284
• 5.8 State-owned enterprises = 288
• 5.9 Transport infrastructure = 292
• 5.10 Power and communications = 296
• 5.11 The information age = 300
• 5.12 Science and technology = 304
• Boxes
• 5a What can biotechnology do? = 258
• 5b Bridging knowledge and policy = 259
• Figures
• 5.1 Foreign direct investment has remained resilient = 263
• 5.2 The top 10 emerging stock markets in 1999 = 267
• 5.9 Air traffic is concentrated in high-income economies = 295
• 5.10 Mobile phones are connecting the world = 299
• 5.11 The information technology revolution has not reached all shores = 303
• 6 GLOBAL LINKS
• Introduction = 309
• 6.1 Integration with the global economy = 314
• 6.2 Direction and growth of merchandise trade = 318
• 6.3 OECD trade with low- and middle-income economies = 321
• 6.4 Primary commodity prices = 324
• 6.5 Regional trade blocs = 326
• 6.6 Tariff barriers = 330
• 6.7 Global financial flows = 334
• 6.8 Net financial flows from Development Assistance Committee members = 338
• 6.9 Aid flows from Development Assistance Committee members = 340
• 6.10 Aid dependency = 342
• 6.11 Distribution of net aid by Development Assistance Committee members = 346
• 6.12 Net financial flows from multilateral institutions = 350
• 6.13 Foreign labor and population in OECD countries = 354
• 6.14 Travel and tourism = 356
• Figures
• 6a Agriculture employs the majority of workers in developing countries = 310
• 6b Developing countries are exporting more and more manufactures to high-income OECD countries = 310
• 6c Children work less as incomes rise = 311
• 6d High-income countries are net exporters of goods from the six most polluting industries-and low-and middle-income countries net importers = 312
• 6.1 The importance of trade continues to grow = 317
• 6.2 Developing economies make their own market = 320
• 6.3 High-income economies' imports of manufactures from low- and middle-income economies have surged = 323
• 6.9 Aid fell as a share of GNP for almost all donors between 1993 and 1998 = 341
• 6.10 The regional distribution of aid from DAC members has remained much the same = 345
• 6.11 The flow of aid from DAC members in 1998 tended to reflect regional interests and relationships = 349
• 6.12 The top 10 recipients of financial flows from United Nations agencies = 353
• 6.13 The nationalities of the foreign population in OECD countries in 1997 reflected traditional ties and recent events = 355
• 6.14 More and more tourists are from developing economies = 359
• Text table
• 6.8a Official development assistance from non-DAC donors = 339
• Back matter
• Statistical methods = 361
• Primary data documentation = 363
• Acronyms and abbreviations = 371
• Credits = 372
• Bibliography = 374
• Index of indicators = 381