역사속의 철인왕 = 율리아누스 황제의 인간애

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 글의 목적은 율리아누스 황제의 신플라톤주의 정치철학을 그의 인간애 사상을 중심으로 규명하는 데 있다. 율리아누스는 역사속에서 철인왕의 이상을 실현하려고 했던 로마제국 최후의 이교황제로 일명 ‘배교자’라고 불린다. 그의 철인왕의 이상을 이해하기 위해, 우선 율리아누스의 배교의 철학적 동기 및 그가 귀의한 철학인 신플라톤주의와 이교주의의 관계를 밝힌다. 그런데, 신플라톤주의는 통상적으로 윤리학과 정치철학이 빠진 플라톤주의로서 지극히 피안적이고 개인주의적인 신비주의로 알려져 있다. 이러한 철학에는 율리아누스가 표방한 ‘인간애’의 정치가 들어 설 공간이 없어 보인다. 필자는 이러한 통론에 반대하여, 율리아누스의 ‘인간애’ 사상을 신플라톤주의 내부에 엄연히 존재하는 정치철학적 시각에서 설명하기를 시도한다. 특히, 신플라톤주의 정치철학의 기반인 섭리론에 입각하여 율리아누스의 철인군주론을 논구하고, 섭리론이 내포하는 돌봄의 개념을 인간애의 개념과 연결시킨다. 나아가 율리아누스의 인간애의 사상적 연원을 신플라톤주의의 한계를 넘어 헬레니즘 전통 안에서 추적한다. 끝으로 율리아누스의 인간애의 정치를 정책면에서 살펴봄으로써 그의 헬레니즘적 인간애의 이념이 기독교적 사랑의 이념과 경쟁관계에 있었음을 확인할 수 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this article is to explore Emperor Julian’s political philosophy with particular emphasis on his conception of philanthropy. Julian was the last pagan Roman emperor, who is dishonorably called ‘the Apostate.’ To approach his ideal of the philosopherking, I first draw attention to Julian’s apostasy from Christianity, which turns out to be a “conversion to philosophy.” I then briefly sketch the relationship between Neoplatonism, which Julian professes, and paganism. Neoplatonism is, however, generally known as an extremely otherworldly and individualist mystical philosophy, lacking an ethical and political dimension. In such a philosophy, there would be no place for the practice of philanthropy advocated by Julian. Against this received opinion, I attempt to explain Julian’s conception of philanthropy from the perspective of political philosophy in Neoplatonism, based on the metaphysical theory of Providence, while linking the concept of providential care to the concept of philanthropic politics. Further, I trace the conceptual origin of philanthropy beyond Neoplatonism back to the tradition of Hellenism, whereby it is shown that Julian’s Hellenic philanthropia stands in competition with Christian agape. I close this article with some reflection on the significance of the study of Julian, a philosopher?king in history.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 들어가며
• Ⅱ. 철학에로의 전향
• Ⅲ. 철학자의 하산
• Ⅳ. 인간애의 정치
• Ⅴ. 나오며
• 참고문헌
• ABSTRACT

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