기술진보가 고용에 미치는 영향 = The Impact of Technological Progress on Employment

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of technological progress on employment.A special interest is given to women's employment.
The economic: theory guides us how output and employment react to technological progress, and also can tell us under what conditions there will be no technological unemployment. However, the extent to which technological change has an impact on employment is very difficult to measure. The historical experience suggests that technological progress has led, to raising the living standard and employment opportunities. This is because technological. progress has increased productivity and reduced costs and prices. This, in turn, has stimulated demand for consumer goods and services and for investments leading to creation of new jobs in the economy.
Technological progress has brought changes in the structure of employment within a country and change in the international division of labor. Recent process and product innovations have facilitated a shift of labor-intensive industries to developing countries where wage costs are low. The manufacturing employment has been rising in developing countries. while it has been shrinking in most industrialized countries. Service sector has been the main source of new jobs in industrialized countries.
When the computers were introduced in the 1960s, there were widespread fears of massive unemployment as the result of automation. However, the predicted result of increased unemployment did not occur. The displacement effect was far outweighted by the new jobs. created in data processing arid more general rise in demand for goods arid services brought about by a growing economy- arid rising living standard.
The impact of microelectronic technology on, employment is growing concern in recent years. Many empirical studies are carried out by OECD countries. According to these studies, development in microelectronic technology created new generation of office equipment and lead to job loss among clerical and administrative functions. It has been predicted that many clerical jobs will be destroyed as a result of automation. However, net change in employment will depend on the speed of automation and the general state of the economy.
Technological progress has brought increased productivity and new job opportunities for women. However, women are concentrated in a limited range of occupations. Women are heavily concentrated in agricultural sector and labor-intensive manufacturing industries in developing countries, while they are concentrated in clerical and other low-skilled office jobs in industrialized countries. Developments in information technology is providing new jobs for women, but some women may be displaced from their jobs and have a difficult time finding new jobs.
The jobs associated with the use of new technology require higher skill levels. But the lack of the edification and vocational training backgrounds may give difficult time for women to acquire new skills. Therefore, formal education and vocational training should be established for women in order to prepare them for various abilities required in more promising ,Jobs in the future.