독일에서의 빌헬름 하이트마이어 평행사회 담론과 사회적 전유

국문 초록 (Abstract)

1980년대까지 독일 정책 당국이나 대다수 독일인은 “손님 노동자”(Gastarbeiter)로 온 외국 노동자들이 한시적으로 거주할 것으로 생각했고, 이에 따라 외국 이주민 정책을 실시했다. 독일인 대부분은 “독일은 이민국가가 아니다”라는 사실을 굳게 믿고 싶어 했지만, 터키 출신 이주 노동자의 상당수가 경제계의 숙련 노동자 필요성과 국제 정치 질서의 혼란 등 때문에 독일에 정착했다. 독일 정부의 통합 정책 부재로 인해 이주민의 사회통합 문제가 발생했다. 빌헬름 하이트마이어(Wilhelm Heitmeyer)는 독일 사회에서 (터키계) 평행사회가 만들어지고 있으며, 이에 대한 적절한 조치가 필요하다고 주장했다.
하이트마이어가 던진 평행사회 화두는 독일 사회에 커다란 파장을 낳았다. 이후 이루어진 학술적 실증연구는 독일 사회에 아직 평행사회가 본격적으로 형성되지 않았고, 종교적, 문화적 차이가 분리된 사회 형성에 그다지 중요하지 않음을 보여주었다. 이들 연구는 사회 구성원들 간의 분리 현상원인으로 독일 사회의 제도적, 체계적 사회통합노력 실패를 지목하였으며, 이런 분리 현상 때문에 사회 분열과 갈등이 심화되고 있음을 보여주었다. 하이트마이어의 평행사회로부터 촉발된 사회적 논의는 이주민 사회통합을 위한 구체적 수단과 방법에 대해 독일의 고유한 역사적, 문화적 맥락에서 재사유할 기회를 마련해 주었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Up until the 1980s, policy authorities of Germany or the majority of the Germans thought that the foreign workers who came to Germany as “Gastarbeiters” would temporarily reside in there, and, they implemented a policy for foreign immigrants, accordingly. Most Germans would firmly believe the fact that “Germany is not an immigration state,” and a large number of immigrant workers from Turkey settled themselves in Germany because of the necessity of skilled laborers in the economic circles and the chaos of the international political order. Because of the absence of a German government’s policy of integration, the problem of the social integration of immigrants took place. Wilhelm Heitmeyer insisted that a (Turkish) parallel society was being formed in German society, too, and that appropriate measures would be necessary.
The topic of parallel society that Wilhelm Heitmeyer raised made a big splash in German society. The academic empirical studies conducted subsequently showed that a parallel society had not yet been established in German society and that religious and cultural differences were not that important for the formation of separated society. These studies pointed out the failure of institutional and systematic efforts for the social integration of German society as the cause for the separation among the members of the society and showed that social fragmentation and conflicts were deepening due to this phenomenon of separation. The social discussion stimulated from Wilhelm Heitmeyer’s parallel society provided an opportunity to reconsider specific ways and means of social integration of immigrants in the unique historical and cultural context of Germany.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Abstract
• I. 서론
• II. 하이트마이어의 평행사회 논의
• III. 평행사회 개념의 비판적 분석
• IV. 나가며
• Bibliography
• 국문초록

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