고대 및 중세인도 - 아리야어의 역사적 배경의 고찰 = Historical Background of Ancient and Literature on Urdu Language and Literature

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In the most part of India today languages are spoken which are derived from a single form of speech which was introduced into India by people from the north-west more than three thousand years ago. They were known in their own languages as "arya". In the plateau of Iran, as well as large regions of Central Asia, these peoples used the same name of themselves, in Avestan "airya". The term "Aryan" is now used as the common name of these peoples and their languages. To distinguish the Indian branch from the Iranian, the term Indo-Aryan has been used.
It is practical to distinguish three periods, Old, Middle and Modern Indo-Aryan language. The Old Indo-Aryan languages(1500 B.C. ~500 B.C.) is represented by Vedic Sanskrit and Classical Sanskrit. Pali represents the earliest stage of the development of Middle Indo-Aryan Languages(500 B.C. ~100 A.D.). The second language of Middle Indo-Aryan is Prakrt. And the last one is Apabhransh. Modern languages (1000 A.D.~) cover Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati, Oriya, Panjabi, Asami etc.
Aryans in India composed Rg Veda. As early as 1500 B.C. The language of this is called Chandas(Vedic Sanskrit), seems to have come about as a result of the mixing up of some tribal languages of the early Aryans living in the north-west of India.
About 900 B.C., when the language of Vedas was regarded an archaic language, people of Vedas tried to preserve the purity of the Veda's language scientists of grammar and phonetics. Also, the oldest Indian Linguistic text, Yaska's Nirukta, explaining obsolete Vedic words, dates from the 5th century B.C., and followed much earlier work in the linguistic field. P?nini's great grammar, the Ast?dhy?y?, was probably composed towards the end of the 4th century B.B. With P?nini the language had virtually reached its classical form and it developed little thenceforward, except in its vocabulary.
The great grammar of P?nini, which effectively stabilized the Sanskrit language, presupposes the work of many earlier grammarians. These had succeeded in recognizing the root as the basic element of a word, and gad classified some 2,000 monosyllabic roots which, with the addition of prefixes, suffixes and inflexions, were thought to provide all the words of the language. The work Ast?dhy?y? consists of over 4,000 grammatical rules, couched in a sort of shorthand, which employes single letters or syllables for the names of the cases, moods, persons, tenses, etc. in which linguistic phenomena are classified. The great terseness of P?nini's system makes his work very difficult to follow without preliminary mostly commentaries on P?nini, the chief being the Great Commentary(Mah?bh?sya) of P?tanjali(2nd century B.C.) and the Banaras Commentary(K??ik? Vrtti) of jay?ditya and Vamana(7th century A.D.).
P?nini, in standardizing Sanskrit, probably based his work on the language as it was spoken in the North-West. Already the lingua franca of the priestly class, it gradually became that of the governing class also.
The Middle Indo-Aryan period is represented by inscriptions, and in literature by Pali, Prakrits and Apabhram?a. It comprises all the dialects used in an oral form from the middle of the first millennium B.C. down to the time of about 1100 A.D. when further phonological and morphological changes had produced proto-vernaculars which are of an analytic linguistic type. Middle Indo-Aryan dialects can be studied synchronically by themselves or diachronically in their relationship to the OIA dialects (Vedic and Classical Sanskrit). It is customary to divide the MIA period chronogically into three stages: 1. Old(represented by P?l? and inscriptions from the 4th B.C. to the 2nd A.D. 2. Middle, which includes Mah?rstr?(the language or the lyric poetry and Jain post-canonical literature), the language of the lyric poetry and Jain post-canonical literature), the Prakrits of drama(such as ?aurasen? and M?gadh?), the dalect of the Jain Canon(so-called Ardha- M?gadh? and Pai?ac?(known only from the statements of Prakrit grammarians) 3. New (represented by literary works composed in Apabhram?a)
In these periods, non-Sanskrit languages were thriving: P?l?, Pr?krt, Pai?ac?, Mah?rastr?, ?aurasen?, M?gadh?. Changes in religion and social life were taking place side by side with changes in language. However, Sanskrit remained enthroned as the language of law and scholarship though not generally of administration and trade. The artificial nature of this period also borne out by the mixing up of Sanskrit grammatical forms with them.
The relationship between the Middle Prakrits and Later Prakrits or Apabhram?a is the linguistically a stage in the development of the Indo-Aryan language which intervened between secondary Middle Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan. The term Apabhram?a is used here as the name of a literary dialect in which poetic works were composed between 500 A.D. and 1200 A.D. and which was regarded as Apabhrm?a the authors themselves and by the Prakrit grammarians. It is a result of the mixing up of the languages of Abhiras and related tribes with those of the people they came to rule over in Northern, Western and Central India during that period.
It is in Bharata's N?ty???stra(330 A.D.) that we come across the first real reference to Apabhram?a where it is mentioned as vibhrasta distinct from Sanskrit and De?? and as the dialect of the Abhiras. Bharata assigns to Apabhram?a the position of a barbarous language spoken by the nomad people who rear cattle, sheep, horses and camels. Three centuries later Apabhram?a attains the status of a literary language and Bhamaha regards Apabhram?a as the name of a dialect of poetry. This literary status of Apabhram?a is confirmed by the pride in the ability of composing in Apabhram?a found in the copper plates of Dharasena Ⅱ of Valabhi in Kathiawar(600 A.D.).
In Apabhram?a, morphological changes were minimized and postpositions were appeared. Modern Indo-Aryan languages inherited the main characteristics of Apabhram?a.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ.고대 인도-아리야어의 역사적 배경
• Ⅱ.중세 인도-아리야어의 역사적 배경
• Ⅲ.맺는 말