松尾寺參詣曼茶羅의 공간구성과 聖 = Spatial Composition of Matsunoodera’s Sankei Mandala and Sanctity

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

It is commonly speculated that Sankei Mandalas(參詣曼茶羅) were fabricated to provide pilgrims with information about sanctuaries. Sankei Mandalas are a type of religious paintings that pilgrims pray to. They abruptly disappeared after being fabricated in large quantities for a certain period. Several debates and discussions regarding the background of the fabrication of Sankei Mandalas are still ongoing. This paper investigates the Sankei Mandala stored in the Matsunoodera temple(松尾寺), which far exceeds the typical categories of Sankei Mandalas.
The Matsunoodera temple was first built around the eighth century by the bonze Iko(威光) and was then included on the list of 33 sanctuaries for Avalokitesvara’s pilgrimage in the Kinki area(西國33所觀音靈場) at the end of the eleventh century. It was natural for the Matsunoodera Mandala to be fabricated because Sankei Mandalas were associated with pilgrimages to sanctuaries. It is presumed that the one found in Matsunoodera was drawn based on the Matsunoodera’s old painting(松尾寺往伽藍落慶式之古圖).
Sankei Mandalas typically portray rivers or seas flowing along the bottom and off the sides; however, the one in Matsunoodera temple skips this and simply depicts an ordinary village located near the temple. It seems that this stems from Matsunoodera temple’s location: it is positioned deep in the mountains, with no proximity to a river. The site has been famous for mountain worship since ancient times. In addition, the Matsunoodera Mandala is unique in terms of its extremely limited size, despite over 200 people appearing in the painting.
Including of places where religious behaviors or evangelization take place include the Hayagriva Avalokitesvara(Horse Head Avalokitesvara, 馬頭觀音) in the main hall and the Syugendou(修驗道) in the inner sanctuary, as well as a Buddhist dance being performed in the front yard of the main hall and two women watching a white horse and autumn leaves. The Matsunoodera temple possesses a Mandala that represents the uniqueness of the temple well and can be deemed a religious painting that is a testament to how well the Syugendou was implemented.

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