한국어와 일본어의 칭찬 화행 연구 : A Study on Korean and Japanese Speech Act = The Art of Complementing
저자
송영미 (이화여자대학교 외국어로서의 한국어교육 전공)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
2003
작성언어
Korean
주제어
KDC
710.000
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
603-625(23쪽)
제공처
소장기관
This study contrasts and analyzes the execution of Korean and Japanese speech acts emphasizing the speech act of 'complimenting'.
Previous studies show the speech act of complimenting is considered to be characteristic of a society's culture and an act which strongly reflects the society's sense of values and behavior pattern. Unlike other speech acts, complimenting is also claimed to be used as a method to strengthen relationships in social interaction by recognizing and expressing listener's virtues rather than a method of communicating information.
Due to these characteristics of complimenting, foreigners experience pragmatic failure; a compliment causes misunderstanding or displeasure because of improper situation or choice of topic in the context of the relevant culture, despite the proper command and execution of a language they have learned.
In this paper, I study similarities and differences caused by cultural characteristics, analyzing speech act of complimenting in both Korean and Japanese language. Further I aim to give insights on speech act of complimenting in Korean for Japanese learners.
I have chosen the method of Discourse Completion Test (DCT) for this study and survey questions were delivered by mail, fax or email. The subjects include 100 native Korean and 100 native Japanese speakers who currently reside in Korea and Japan respectively, and within each group, I targeted the working class. Individuals who have lived abroad at length are excluded.
Questions are divided into 16 categories by social variables such as intimacy, status, age, and gender; Topics under induced compliment situation are classified into 5 factors such as appearance, belongings, ability, personality, and children. Based on these factors, I analyze the execution of complimentary speech act and types of compliment & framing remarks.
This study focuses on 2 elements: 1) whether subjects show direct responses to the main topic of compliment or indirect responses by a related framing remark 2) which types of sub-strategies subjects show when responding with a framing remark related to main topic.
Results from analyses above are as follows:
Firstly, native Korean speakers use framing remarks twice as much as their Japanese counterparts in overall characteristics of speech act Japanese speakers on the other hand, tend to conclude conversations by using direct expressions only. This result shows that Koreans regard expressing framing remark as expression of friendliness while Japanese think direct complimentary expression is courteous and framing remark can cause want of respect.
Secondly, Koreans use personal comment significantly more compared to other sub-strategies of framing remark while Japanese use identification or information asking as well as personal comment at the same rate. It is important to note that Japanese's use of identification strategy is twice as high as their Korean counterparts. In Scene 5, the situation on the son's success in college examination, shows this aspect well. Here, Koreans also use asking/suggestion strategy unlike Japanese.
Thirdly, Koreans and Japanese show a significant difference on how they react when other people's personal & disgraceful part of body was improved. For example, when a person with receding hairline changes his hair style, 66% of Japanese did not perform speech act on this while only 9% of Korean did not; when someone gets plastic surgery, 82% of Japanese did not perform speech act on this while 34% of Korean did not do so. This result shows that Koreans consider complimenting someone's physical improvement (however personal it is) an act of friendliness while Japanese refrain from any such compliment since they consider reference to someone's personal physique inappropriate and embarrassing.
Fourth, the analysis of complimentary speech act shows Korean and Japanese follow common characteristics in light of social variables. In case of intimacy, both groups highly used compliment and framing remark to those who are intimate to them while shortly closing conversation using only direct compliment for those who are not intimate to them. In case of status, both groups do not perform complimentary speech act by saying nothing when listeners' status is higher than speakers. On the other hand, both groups mostly use only direct compliment expressions when the listener is of a lower status. Both groups have high ratio of using framing remark when listener's age is younger than speaker by age By gender, individuals perform complimentary speech act more actively to the same gender an topics of appearance or belongings specific to each gender. (For example men would compliment each other more in the topic of masculine items such as cars or their hairline)
In summary this study yields the following results:
For Koreans, speech act of complimenting is speakers' subjective evaluation and honest expression based on their opinion. Thus, complimenting is a speech behavior expressing interest, which shows friendly feeling and courtesy. For Japanese on the other hand speech act of complimant is more like a greeting and ostentation, so complimentary speech act in Japanese language is ceremonious speech behavior which does not invade the privacy of listeners. Therefore, Koreans use framing remark at a higher rate mainly using personal comments while Japanese conclude conversation shortly by expressing direct compliment using primarily identification sub-strategy.
This study points out where Japanese students encounter difficulty on Korean speech act. Given that recent Korean teachings focuses on conversation competence as a ultimate goal, my results will prove useful for realistic speech act teaching when adapted appropriately in conjunction with the current Korean language curriculum.
Further this study can reduce Japanese misunderstandings - when Koreans excessively invade privacy while trying to compliment in Japanese - and at the same time developing their socio-linguistic insights on Korean way of thinking and sense of values.
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