한일관계의 '65년 체제'와 한국문학 : 한일국교정상화를 둘러싼 '국가적 서사'의 구성과 균열 = '65-year system' of Korea-Japan relations and Korean literature?: A deconstructive interpretation of the 'National Narrative' around 1965 Korea-Japan agreement
저자
발행사항
서울 : 동국대학교, 2020
학위논문사항
학위논문(박사) -- 동국대학교 , 국어국문학과 현대문학 전공 , 2020. 8
발행연도
2020
작성언어
한국어
주제어
발행국(도시)
서울
형태사항
224p. ; 26 cm
일반주기명
지도교수: 박광현
UCI식별코드
I804:11020-000000081331
DOI식별코드
소장기관
本研究の目的は、1965年の日韓国交正常化をめぐり、同時代に書かれた韓国文学作品が「日本(日本国・日本人・日本文化)」という他者との関係をどのように問題化したかについて概観することで、植民地経験の記憶や忘却、そして冷戦の中で形成された韓国の文化エリートたちの対日認識と植民地期をめぐる歴史認識を批判的に考察することにある。
日韓国交正常化は、帝国/植民地体制が解体してから断絶状態にあった両国が、冷戦という新秩序の中で再び関係を構築することになった歴史的な転換点であった。よって、その後の日韓関係は、1965年の国交正常化の際に締結された基本条約と4つの協定にもとづくという意味で、「1965年体制」と呼ばれてきた。しかし、さまざまな方面で日韓関係をめぐる葛藤が深まっている今日において、1965年体制はその実効性が疑われているだけでなく、特に韓国では旧時代の産物として批判されており、新たな両国の関係の構築が求められている。すなわち、民主的に意見を求めることなく、また過去への反省を欠いたまま国交正常化が樹立されたため、真の「関係正常化」とはいえないという認識が韓国社会全般において共有されているのである。
本論文は、1965年体制成立期(1960~70年代)の韓国文学作品が、すでにそのような問題意識にもとづいて書かれていたという点に注目した。具体的には、それぞれの作品では国交正常化への反感がストレートに示され、また韓国社会の病理が「日本」との関係をとおして表現された。さらに、日韓関係の歴史の再認識をとおして現実を否定的に表象することで、真の「関係正常化」とは何かという問いを投げかけた。
しかし、これらの文学作品は同時に歴史的な限界も内包していた。当時の文学的実践は、国家的決定への抵抗や異議申し立てまでには至らず、むしろそれらを正当化・固定化する「ナショナル・ナラティヴ(National Narrative)」へと回収されることになった。なぜだろうか。それは何よりも、冷戦を背景に顕在化した「韓(我々)/日(他者)」という国家的な二項対立の構図、そしてこの構図の中で被植民の歴史の想像的解決を図ったエリート男性主体の自己防衛的なエクリチュールに起因する。つまり、「日韓」という「国家対国家」、あるいは「民族対民族」のフレームは、「他者」の存在を鏡像にして「我々(国民)」という統合された実体を統制的に構成しようとするナラティヴの欲望を後押しするものであったため、過去事への国家的な克服や解決を主張する言説は、むしろ過去の傷痕や苦痛の中で生きる当事者の存在を非可視化し、彼らを抑圧するパラドックスの構造を形成したのである。
よって、本論文では「1965年体制」という用語を当時のこのような文学的言説の構造を指す言葉として転用し、これを両義性を持つ循環構造として捉えた。すなわち、本論文で注目する「1965年体制」とは、日韓国交正常化の成立過程で排除・抑圧されたものが、文学的再現(Literary-Representation)という形で言説の領界内への回帰を繰り返してきた、エクリチュールにおける美学的体制である。しかし、このように抑圧されたものの反復的な回帰は、「体内化(incorporation; Einverleibung)」という抑圧のメカニズムが継続して動作していることを同時に示している。被植民の経験をめぐる個人の固有の記憶や想い、感情などが表面化すると、すぐに「過去の清算」「民族主体性の回復」「大乗的和解」という「ナショナル・ナラティヴ」へと吸収・統合されてしまう「体内化」のメカニズム、これこそが「1965年体制」の根底にあるものであり、その限界をあらわすものである。
本論では、このような「体内化」のメカニズムが具体的に見られる事例を検討し、そのメカニズムがもたらした以下のような問題について批判的に考察した。
まず、第Ⅱ章では、1960年代後半から70年代初頭にかけて、対日危機意識の下で構築された文学的エクリチュールの特質について展望した。特に、日韓の新たな関係の形成をきっかけに、文学テクストに浮かび上がった問題的な事態や対象――たとえば、植民地の記憶、植民地支配の残滓、在日朝鮮人、在朝日本人、「混血」、帝国/植民地期の縁や人脈など――が、民族という主体の「自己言及的な(self-referential)エクリチュール」のなかで「消えた媒介者」の役割を果たすことになり、最終的には「ナショナル・ナラティヴ」に回収されてしまう様相を検討した。つまり、民族の代弁者を自任したエリート男性主体と、彼らによって樹立された「ナショナル・ナラティヴ」が、上述した「媒介的」存在を国家や民族的アイデンティティに「危機」をもたらす異質的対象とみなし、これらを象徴的に包摂・排除するナラティヴの装置を堅固に構築することで、「日本への回帰」という危機意識を想像的に「克服」しようとしてきたのである。
第Ⅲ章では、そのような「危機」を「機会」として専有した知識=権力の問題について論じた。具体的には、代表的な「知日派」知識人として知られている金素雲の文学全般を日韓関係の歴史的変動と関連付けながら考察した。解放後、韓国では「日本(語)」に関する知識は隠蔽や忘却の対象となったが、日韓関係の正常化を起点にその価値が再編されることになった。特に、金素雲は「日本(語)」を普遍的な学問の対象として新たに位置づけながら、知識の重要性を浮き彫りにすることで、国交正常化によって切り拓かれた日韓の「新時代」を「対日劣等感」を克服するための「歴史的転機」とすることを力説した。しかし、過去への反省的認識を欠いた「知日」の価値をめぐる再編は、帝国への模倣と擬態をとおして構成された植民地的主体の復権につながり、他者への差別と強迫的な自己検閲、そして中心権力への絶対的順応という植民地主義的な思考の存続をもたらした。
第Ⅳ章では、李炳注の小説『関釜連絡船』を中心に、冷戦的秩序の下で構成された「ナショナル・ナラティヴ」による植民地の記憶や過去事の清算という問題に焦点を定めた。『関釜連絡船』は、日韓関係の正常化をきっかけに、過去の記憶を共有することになった二人の男性登場人物(韓国人「私」と日本人「E」)が「和解」を成し遂げ、「友愛」を回復するという内容を含んでいる。これは、帝国/植民地の過去をめぐる「記憶のナラティヴ」が、冷戦体制下の「彼/我(friend or foe)識別」の原理、すなわち「友愛の政治学(the politics of friendship)」に包摂されるダイナミズムを示すものであり、男性エリートの「ホモソーシャルな欲望(homosocial-desire)」にもとづいた「1965年体制」の根本的な限界を喚起するものである。つまり、歴史における犠牲者を「友愛」の名のもとに記念することで樹立される男性主体の過去克服の物語は、たとえ中心権力への批判的な姿勢をとっていたとしても、「全体」のために「個人」の犠牲を正当化するという点で、国家の中心権力との共犯的な連累関係を成していたのである。
最後に第Ⅴ章では、日韓関係を象徴する「玄海灘」という記号をとらえ直すことで、本論の議論をまとめた。植民地の過去を浪漫主義的に喚起するこの神話的な記号は、植民地的男性性と密接に関連している。つまり、少数の男性主体によって独占された被植民の経験の物語が、過去事の問題を度外視・放棄しながら形成されてきたことを端的に示す例である。したがって、本論文では、「玄海灘」を「過去の声」が抑圧された形で「体内化」されている記憶の場所として新たに取り上げ、日韓の「関係性の象徴」に内在する政治的無意識について批判的に検討した。そして最終的に、「ナショナル・ナラティヴ」から脱し、「過去の声」への応答可能性を模索するために、「日/韓」という関係性から排除されたまま沈黙を強いられてきた無名の存在(非人称化された存在)に注目した。
This study examines Korean literature’s discourse on “Japan(Japan, Japanese, Japanese Culture)” around the 1965 Normalization of Korea-Japan Relations. The study critically examines the Korean male cultural elites' historical conception of “Japan,” forged by the memory of Korea’s colonial past and steeped in Cold War mentality. Further it elucidates the underlying structure of their political unconsciousness.
1965 The normalization of Korea-Japan relations was a historic milestone in which the relationship between the two countries that severed ties after the dissolution of the colonial system began to normalize in the Cold War era. The basic treaty and the four agreements – often called the “1965 system” – that were signed at the time became the foundation of the subsequent Korea-Japan relationship.
However, today, as the conflict between Korea and Japan exacerbates, the effectiveness of the “1965 system” is questioned. In Korea, the system is often criticized as a negative legacy of the old era, and a new relationship between the two countries is called. Since the 1965 normalization lacked a democratic process that reflected Korean citizen’s voice and failed to institute proper reparations for the colonial past, more and more Koreans believe that the process was not legitimate.
This paper focused on the fact that the 1960-70s Korean literature recognized the deficiencies of the 1965 normalization. For example, the literature of the time expressed dissent over the normalization of diplomatic relations and revealed Korean society’s pathology about “Japan.” By representing the world negatively, Korean literature asked the question: what is the true normalization of relations?
However, there were limitations: the literary practice at that time did not proceed to resist or object the governmental decisions, but rather justified and solidified them as “National Narrative.” What caused this? The self-defensive writing of the Korean elite male class who imagined the resolution of colonial experience within the framework of binomial confrontation between “Korea (ourselves) / Japan (the other)” relationship, foregrounded by the Cold War, co-opted the “National Narrative.”
Therefore, in this paper, the term “65-year system” refers to the paradoxical structure of the literary discourse, and identify it as a circular construct with two sides. First of all, it is an aesthetic system of where the subjects that were excluded or repressed during the normalization of Korea-Japan relations have repeatedly returned to the realm of discourse in the form of literary representation. However, the repetition of “return to the repressed” also indicates that the repression mechanism of “incorporation(Einverleibung)” continued to operate. The mechanism of incorporation – absorbing and integrating each individual's unique memories, thoughts, and emotions of the colonial experience that surfaced in the literary representation into “National Narrative” – is the fundamental factor of the “65-year system” and represents its limitations.
Accordingly, by looking at the specific cases that embody the mechanism, this study critically considered the cause of the following problems.
First, Chapter II provides an overview of the literary mode of writing in the 1960~70s established during the crisis of consciousness resulting from the resumption of relations with Japan. In particular, what I want to show in this chapter is that the problematic situations or objects – colonial memories, colonial remnants, Koreans in Japan, mixed-blood, ties of the empire/colonial period that began to surface in literary texts as the Korea and Japan formed a new relationship – were eventually absorbed into the “National Narrative” by becoming a vanishing mediator in the self-referential writing of Korean male cultural elites. In other words, male elites, whom self-appointed themselves to represent the nation, established “National Narrative” to overcome the anxiety and fear caused by the return of “Japan,” by treating these intermediary beings as heterogeneous objects that lead to a crisis in the state or national identity and constructing an idealogical apparatus to include or exclude them narratively.
Chapter III deals with the problem of the “knowledge=power” framework, which re-appropriated such “crisis” as “opportunity.” To this end, this paper discusses Kim So-un’s works, a representative Japanese expert, in relation to the historical changes in Korea-Japan relations. After liberation, the knowledge of “Japanese (Language)” had been the subject of concealment, but its value reemerged with the normalization of relations between Korea and Japan. In particular, Kim So-un reestablished “Japanese” as a general academic subject and acquired knowledge about it. However, its social and cultural value reorganization, which omitted self-reflection of the colonial past, led to the reinstatement of the colonial elite. By assimilating and imitating the empire, this also resulted in the continuation of the colonial mentality of discrimination against the other, obsessive self-censorship, and absolute conformity to central power.
Chapter IV deals with the liquidation of the colonial past, which is accomplished by “National Narrative”, taking Lee Byung-ju’s novel The Gwan-Bu Ferry Boat as an example. This novel is about two male characters (Korean ‘I’ and Japanese ‘E’) who share memories of the past in the wake of the normalization of Korea-Japan relations, and recover “friendship” by achieving “reconciliation.” It shows dynamism in which the “narrative of memory” of the colonial past is enclosed in “the politics of friendship,” the logic of the “friend of foe” identification of the cold war system, and evokes the fundamental limitations of “65-year system”, which is based on the homosocial desire of male elites. In other words, the male elite subject’s past overcoming narrative, completed by commemorating historical victims in the name of “friendship,” is implicated as an accomplice to state power in that it justifies individual sacrifices.
Finally, Chapter V concludes the main issue by reviewing the symbol “Hyunhaetan(Genkainada),” which symbolizes Korea-Japan relations. This mythical symbol, which romanticizes the colonial past, is a product of political unconsciousness and colonial masculinity. The symbol clearly demonstrates that a small number of male subjects monopolized the colonial narratives and ignored historical issues. By focusing on the silenced voices excluded from the frame of “Korea / Japan” relationship, I am redefining “Hyunhaetan” as a symbolic space where the “voices of the past” is “incorporated” in a repressed form.
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한국교육학술정보원은 정보주체의 자유와 권리 보호를 위해 「개인정보 보호법」 및 관계 법령이 정한 바를 준수하여, 적법하게 개인정보를 처리하고 안전하게 관리하고 있습니다. 이에 「개인정보 보호법」 제30조에 따라 정보주체에게 개인정보 처리에 관한 절차 및 기준을 안내하고, 이와 관련한 고충을 신속하고 원활하게 처리할 수 있도록 하기 위하여 다음과 같이 개인정보 처리방침을 수립·공개합니다.
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