公的年金制度之女性-中立、公正な制度設計に向けて- = Public Pension for Women: What is Category-3 Insured Person?
저자
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
2015
작성언어
Korean
주제어
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
233-251(19쪽)
제공처
1985年に導入された第3號被保險者制度は、妻の年金權を確立した制度といわれる。夫に生計を維持されている專業主婦は第3號被保險者之して年金制度に强制加入對象之なり、自分の名前で年金を受給できるようになったからである。しかし、壹方で第3號被保險者は保險料納付義務が免除され、保險原理に忠實ではなく、また、その被保險者資格は收入の多寡や婚姻關系の有無などに影響を受ける。そのため、發足以來、制度の公平性、中立性が問われている。公的年金制度の持續可能性のためには、公平性や中立性という價値が守られるべきである。第3號被保險者制度がその價値之兩立しうるかを再考する必要である。
더보기Japanese public pension is called two layers structure, Basic pension is at the first layer, and Employees` pension is at the second layer. And we, every people of working-age population shall be an insured person of National pension and receive a Basic Pension. Additionally, private and public employees shall join Employees` pension and receive pension, which are supplemental to the National Pension, In National Pension, insured person is classified into three categories. Category-1 insured persons are self-employed persons, farmer, students over 20 years old and so on. Category-2 is Employees of private and public sector. And Category-3 is Spouses of Category-2, 99% of them are wives. So, today, in my presentation, Category-3 means wife. Category-1 pays a fixed amount insurance and Category-2 pays proportional to their salary. But Category -3 is not required to pay insurance if she is maintained by her husbands. The condition of maintenance is whether her income is over one million three hundred thousand yen. On the other hand, wives of Category-1 have to pay her insurance, so, they have much complaint against such situation. Why we made Category-3 insured person? Before 1985, we have no Category-3 system. Then housewives could make a choice to join or not National pension. In 1985, 70% of wives joined pension system voluntarily. If she did not join pension system, husband could get additional pension added his own pension By 1985, Category-3 had started. Because then it was pointed as a social problem the old women were faced with poor, especially in case that they had divorced in old. When old couple divorced, husband lost only his additional pension, on the other hand, wife had no pension. Therefore it was needed housewives have right to get pension by her own name. And housewife had no or few income. As you know, it is Social insurance principle that, ‘no income, no contribution`. As a result, Category-3, wives, were given to status, no contribution, but benefit. Somebody talk as the background to introduce Category-3 as follows; that is, at first, thanks to house-wives, Japanese male could work very hard. Without housewives, they could not work outside and if male workers could not work hard, Japanese economy would be recession. It is said Category-3 is a kind of reward to wives. This is very unique in the world. In western society and Korean, and maybe Taiwan, for housewives, to join National Pension or not is their choice. If they don`t join National Pension, they don`t receive pension benefit. As I mentioned, Category-3 escape to pay insurance as far as their income is not over one million three hundred thousand. This is also distinctive pension policy with other country. In Europe and USA, when they get salary, they have to pay contribution in principle. Now, most housewives are working as part timer in Japan. Then, they control their income under bar so that they don`t pay insurance. This attitude helps to employer and company because they also escape their social insurance burden. As you know, all employers want to reduce personal cost. Social Insurance Contribution is one of the biggest personal costs. At a glance, as escaping to pay insurance, it seems to be good for wives. But in a long run, it may be disadvantage for them. Even though getting salary, to keep status of Category-3 means that they are not entitled to Category-2. In another word, housewives who work as part-timers cannot get second layer pension. Therefore Category-3 is criticized to keep female working condition low level and prevent to receive the second layer pension benefit. Lastly, I would like to tell the fairness and neutrality of public pension. Category-3 has been causing social conflict from beginning, especially between women. In this case, key word is fairness and neutrality in public pension. At first, as mentioned before, wives of category-1 claims to unfairness because they are category-1 and have to pay insurance, but category-3`s wife does not. They says it is unfair. On the other hand, full time working woman, category-2 Insured Person, also complains it`s unfair housewives don`t pay insurance thought they get income. Especially in the case that Category-2 women receive salary at the similar level of Category -3`s income. In addition, single mother complains strongly against Category-3 system. Because even though their salary is under one million three hundred thousand yen, they have to pay insurance because they have no husband. In Japan, we have discussed for a long time about Category-3 issue in parliament, public agency and women`s organization. But there has been no change still now. Social security system including pension system must be fair and neutral, if not, the system would lose the confidence. Needless to say, Category-3 helps housewife to get pension by her own name. But which is more important, this merit for housewives or value of the fairness and neutrality in? I think the value is more important and there is some ways to consider for female caring family, children and the older. We should ensure fairness and confidence in Social Security system.
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