영제국 도시위생사 연구 동향 - 본국 위생개혁에서 식민지 열대의학까지

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문에서는 영제국 전체를 시야에 넣고 위생의 이론과 실천을 살펴보았다. 채드윅에 관한 연구는 위생개혁의 영웅담에서 중간계급 전문가 채드윅의 자기형성 과정으로 연구의 관심이 이동하는 양상을 보였다. 채드윅이 위생 만능주의자였다면, 동시대 의사들은 보다 넓은 맥락에서 빈곤과 질병, 위생의 관계를 바라보았음이 흥미롭다. 노동계급이 위생개혁에 대해 어떤 반응을 보였는지는 찾아내기 쉽지 않지만, 건강을 위생으로 협소하게 정의하는 것에 대한 저항감이 드러나는 대목을 확인할 수 있었다. 본국에서의 위생개혁과 공중보건법제정은 1840년대 동시대 정치와 밀접한 관련을 맺으며 전개됐다. 위생개혁은 신구빈법, 곡물법, 차티즘과 동시대 사건이었고, 위생개혁으로 탄생한 깨끗한 도시 공간은 고조된 급진주의의 저항 열기를 식히고 사회를 안정화, 보수화하는데 일조했다.
식민지 도시위생의 실천에서는 열대의학이 중요한 매개체로 작용했다. 영제국은 균질적 공간이 아니었다. 지리적, 기후적으로 다양할 뿐 아니라 종속 식민지부터 백인 자치령까지 법적 지위도 상이했다. 말라리아 방역은 서아프리카 도시위생 실천의 중심이었다. 특히 말라리아로 악명 높은 시에라리온에는 세차례 말라리아 조사단이 파견됐다. 로스는 말라리아를 옮기는 아노펠레스 모기서식지를 방역하고, 물웅덩이가 생기지 않도록 하수도 설비를 하도록 권고했다. 하지만 말라리아 방역은 수도 프리타운 전체의 위생을 개선하는 것이 아니라 고지대 힐스테이션에 백인 전용 거주지를 건설함으로써 인종분리를 가속화하는 결과를 초래했다는 점을 연구들은 밝히고 있다. 식민지에서 도시위생 실천에서 현지인의 건강은 부차적인 고려대상일 뿐이었다. 백인 정착지에서 자치령으로 발전한 오스트레일리아에서 도시위생의 실천은 백호주의가 정책이 논의되고 정착되는 담론의 장을 구성했다는 것이다. 1900년 오스트레일리아 연방헌법, 1901년 이민제한법이 제정되면서 백인정착민 중심의 국가건설 기획은 결실을 맺었다. 1901년 출범한 신생국가 오스트레일리아는 정착지와 자치령을 거치면서 백인 중심의 이주민 사회를 건설해온 과정의 귀결로서 백호주의를 명시적으로 추진했고, 열대의학과 공중보건 담론은 백호주의라는 인종주의를 담는 그릇이 되었다는 사실을 연구 문헌들은 제시하고 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this paper was to provide a historiography of urban hygiene in metropole and colonies of the British empire. The studies on Edwin Chadwick changed from a heroic story of a sanitary reform giant into the self-fashioning of Chadwick as a middle-class professional. While Chadwick was an ultra-hygienist, medical doctors and the working class of his contemporaries defined public health in a broader context including poverty, unemployment, nutrition, etc. Although it is difficult to ascertain the evidence of the working class’s response to Sanitary Reform, it can be said that they resisted the Chadwickian definition of public health. Sanitary Reform and Public Health Act in metropole tightly entangled with class politics in the 1840s. They coincided with the New Poor Law, the Corn Law and Chartism. The clean sanitary space facilitated the prevention of radical politics.
Tropical medicine works as the main conduit for urban hygiene practices in colonies. The British empire was not a homogeneous space and varied geographically and climatically. The quarantine of malaria was pivotal in West Africa, especially the Sierra Leon. Three malaria expeditions of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Royal Society were dispatched to the Sierra Leon. Even though the recommendation of Ronald Ross, the governor, and the colonial office racially segregated through the construction of the white residence in Hill Station, Freetown. The health of native Africans was not crucial in colonial urban hygiene practices. In white dominion Australia also, tropical medicine was entangled with racial issues. Through the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act in 1900 and Immigration Restriction Act in 1901, Australia explicitly implemented the white Australian policy and tropical medicine and public health discourse became a tool for it.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. 머리말
• Ⅱ. 본국의 도시위생 개혁
• Ⅲ. 식민지 도시위생과 제국의 정치
• Ⅳ. 맺음말
• 참고문헌
• 국문초록
• Abstract

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