Effects of dietary energy and lipase levels on nutrient digestibility, digestive physiology and noxious gas emission in weaning pigs

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary energy and lipase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum profiles, intestinal morphology, small intestinal digestive enzyme activities, biochemical index of intestinal development and noxious gas emission in weaning pigs.
Methods: A total of 240 weaning pigs ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) with an average body weight (BW) of 7.3±0.12 kg were used in this 28-d experiment. Weaning pigs were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement with 2 levels of energy (net energy = 2,470 kcal/kg for low energy diet and 2,545 kcal/kg for basal diet) and 2 levels of lipase (0 and 1.5 U/g of lipase) according to BW and sex. There were 6 replications (pens) per treatment and 10 pigs per pen (5 barrows and 5 gilts).
Results: Weaning pigs fed the low energy diet had lower (p<0.05) gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) throughout the experiment, apparent digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, ether extract, and gross energy during d 0 to 14, average daily gain during d 15 to 28, lipase activity in duodenum and ileum and protein/DNA in jejunum (p<0.05), respectively. Lipase supplementation had no effect on growth performance but affected apparent nutrient digestibility (p<0.05) on d 14 and enhanced lipase activity in the duodenum and ileum and protease activity in duodenum and jejunum of pigs (p<0.05) fed the low energy diet. Lipase reduced serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG), NH3 production (p<0.05) from the feces.
Conclusion: The low energy diet decreased G:F throughout the experiment and nutrient digestibility during d 0 to 14 as well as lipase activity in duodenum and ileum. Lipase supplementation increased nutrient digestibility during d 0 to 14 and exerted beneficial effects on lipase activity in duodenum and ileum as well as protease activity in duodenum and jejunum, while reduced serum LDL-C, TG and fecal NH3.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 Hu C, "Zinc oxide–montmorillonite hybrid influences diarrhea, intestinal mucosal integrity, and digestive enzyme activity in weaned pigs" 149 : 190-196, 2012
• 2 Cera KR, "Weekly digestibilities of diets supplemented with corn oil, lard or tallow by weanling swine" 66 : 1430-1437, 1988
• 3 Nabuurs MJA, "Villus height and crypt depth in weaned and unweaned pigs, reared under various circumstances in the Netherlands" 55 : 78-84, 1993
• 4 Pluske JR, "Villous height and crypt depth in piglets in response to increases in the intake of cows' milk after weaning" 62 : 145-158, 1996
• 5 Brown DC, "The influence of different management systems and age on intestinal morphology, immune cell numbers and mucin production from goblet cells in post-weaning pigs" 111 : 187-198, 2006
• 6 O'Connell JM, "The effect of cereal type and exogenous enzyme supplementation in pig diets on nutrient digestibility, intestinal microflora, volatile fatty acid concentration and manure ammonia emissions from finisher pigs" 81 : 357-364, 2005
• 7 Garry BP, "The effect of cereal type and enzyme addition on pig performance, intestinal microflora, and ammonia and odour emissions" 1 : 751-757, 2007
• 8 Williams CH, "The determination of chromic oxide in faeces samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry" 59 : 381-385, 1962
• 9 Dierick NA, "The combined use of triacylglycerols(TAGs)containing medium chain fatty acids(MCFAs)and exogenous lipolytic enzymes as an alternative to nutritional antibiotics in piglet nutrition" 76 : 1-16, 2002
• 10 Azain MJ, "Swine nutrition" CRC Press 95-105, 2001
• 11 SAS Institute, "SAS user’s guide: statistics. Version 9.0"
• 12 AOAC International, "Official methods of analysis of AOAC international. 18th ed"
• 13 Ferket PR, "Nutritional strategies to reduce environmental emissions from nonruminants" 80 (80): E168-E182, 2002
• 14 National Research Council, "Nutrient requirements of swine" National Academy Press 2012
• 15 Lemmens JWTJ, "Nucleic acid levels, cellular activity and growth during the puerulus stage of the Western Rock Lobster (Panulirus cygnus (George); Decapoda: Palinuridae)" 194 : 143-156, 1995
• 16 Somogyi M, "Modifications of two methods for the assay of amylase" 6 : 23-35, 1960
• 17 Dierick NA, "Influence of lipase and/or emulsifier addition on the ileal and faecal nutrient digestibility in growing pigs fed diets containing 4% animal fat" 84 : 1443-1450, 2004
• 18 Zhou Y, "Improved energy-utilizing efficiency by enzyme preparation supplement in broiler diets with different metabolizable energy levels" 88 : 316-322, 2009
• 19 Lu P, "Flavour differences of cooked longissimus muscle from Chinese indigenous pig breeds and hybrid pig breed(Duroc×Landrace×Large White)" 107 : 1529-1537, 2008
• 20 공창수, "Evaluation of Amino Acid and Energy Utilization in Feedstuff for Swine and Poultry Diets" 아세아·태평양축산학회 27 (27): 917-925, 2014
• 21 Francesch M, "Enzyme complex containing carbohydrases and phytase improves growth performance and bone mineralization of broilers fed reduced nutrient corn-soybean-based diets" 88 : 1915-1924, 2009
• 22 Zhang LN, "Effects of lipase supplementation in different energy level diets on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility and serum biochemical indexes of weaned pigs" 27 : 3854-3860, 2015
• 23 Jo JK, "Effects of exogenous enzyme supplementation to corn- and soybean meal-based or complex diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolites in growing pigs" 90 : 3041-3048, 2012
• 24 Cho JH, "Effects of emulsifier and multi-enzyme in different energy densitydiet on growth performance, blood profiles, and relative organ weight in broiler chickens" 4 : 161-168, 2012
• 25 Xing JJ, "Effects of emulsification, fat encapsulation, and pelleting on weanling pig performance and nutrient digestibility" 82 : 2601-2609, 2004
• 26 Zhang GG, "Effects of dietary supplementation of multi-enzyme on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, small intestinal digestive enzyme activities, and large intestinal selected microbiota in weanling pigs" 92 : 2063-2069, 2014
• 27 Leonard SG, "Effects of dietary seaweed extract supplementation in sows and post-weaned pigs on performance, intestinal morphology, intestinal microflora and immune status" 106 : 688-699, 2011
• 28 Jørgensen JN, "Effects of a Bacillus-based probiotic and dietary energy content on the performance and nutrient digestibility of wean to finish pigs" 221 : 54-61, 2016
• 29 Ao X, "Effects of Saururus chinensis extract supplementation on growth performance, meat quality and slurry noxious gas emission in finishing pigs" 138 : 187-192, 2011
• 30 Zhang ZF, "Effects of Enterococcus faecium DSM 7134 on weanling pigs were influenced by dietary energy and crude protein density" 169 : 106-111, 2014
• 31 Li DF, "Effect of fat sources and combinations on starter pig performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology" 68 : 3694-3704, 1990
• 32 Maiorka A, "Effect of energy levels of diets formulated on total or digestible amino acid basis on broiler performance" 6 : 87-91, 2004
• 33 Zhao PY, "Effect of emulsifier (lysophospholipids) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood profile in weanling pigs" 207 : 190-195, 2015
• 34 Fasina Y, "Effect of dietary gelatin supplementation on the expression of selected enterocyte genes, intestinal development and early chick performance" 6 : 944-951, 2007
• 35 Bee G, "Effect of dietary energy supply and fat source on the fatty acid pattern of adipose and lean tissues and lipogenesis in the pig" 80 : 1564-1574, 2002
• 36 Ball RO, "Effect of diet complexity and feed restriction on the incidence and severity of diarrhea in early-weaned pigs" 62 : 907-913, 1982
• 37 Chen SY, "Effect of coated lipase supplementation on growth, digestion and intestinal morphology in weaning piglets" 13 : 1093-1097, 2014
• 38 Tokach MD, "Effect of adding fat and (or) milk products to the weanling pig diet on performance in the nursery and subsequent grow-finish stages" 73 : 3358-3368, 1995
• 39 Núñez MC, "Dietary restriction induces biochemical and morphometric changes in the small intestine of nursing piglets" 126 : 933-944, 1996
• 40 Song M, "Dietary clays alleviate diarrhea of weaned pigs" 90 : 345-360, 2012
• 41 Adeola O, "Board-invited review: opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve nonruminant animal production" 89 : 3189-3218, 2011
• 42 Cera KR, "Apparent fat digestibilities and performance responses of postweaning swine fed diets supplemented with coconut oil, corn oil or tallow" 67 : 2040-2047, 1989
• 43 Tietz NW, "A specific method for serum lipase determination" 13 : 352-358, 1966
• 44 Bradford MM, "A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding" 72 : 248-254, 1976