1821년 콜레라 창궐과 조선 정부 및 민간의 대응 양상 = Joseon government`s and people`s responses during a cholera epidemic in 1821
저자
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
2014
작성언어
Korean
주제어
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
419-491(73쪽)
제공처
As a global phenomenon of a cholera epidemic in the early 19th century was noted, this paper emphasized the patterns of Joseon government`s and people`s responses against the epidemic to overcome when it was severely rempant. Cholera, an endemic of India, was brought into Joseon through China by the British troops and vessels during their colonial period on India. Cholera in Joseon had two features as followed. Firstly, a cholera swept over the whole Korean Peninsula except the Jeju islands from July to September in 1821. Secondly, a cholera, breaking out the following year, stalked through all over the country including the Jeju islands from the end of April to the end of September. Weather conditions favorable to germ multiplication and human traffic along the roads were crucially contributed to the cholera diffusion. Effects of cholera on Humans were closely connected with their nutritive conditions and immune systes. Chances of some social strata`s being infected by the disease, who were living in a clean environment and taking hisgh quality foods, were relatively lower than those of the other social strata who were not. The Ruling class thought that cholera broke out because of evil spirits and disharmonized politics under the circumstances of people`s being victimized by the epidemic. Joseon govemment, without any appropriate medical alternatives, focused on some healing rituals to appease evil spirits, which the people of that time thought the most reasonalble plan while the disease was repidly spreading out throughout the country. The healing rituals were precisely planned rites by the ruling class to bestow a benign rule to the people in Joseon, where virtue politics were taken as a sense of social values. As a result, the government could soothe public sentiment and satisfy the people`s beliefs to repel the epidemic. In those days of cholera being prevalent, peope called it "rat disease" or "rat pain" in the meaning that the disease was caused by rats. They thought that objects were stricken with cholera as ghosts in rat shapes ate into human bodies, and the demons, infiltrating into human feet, were creeping up with gnawing on the legs, finally damaged the intestines. When the people witnessed muscle cramps by the disease, they strongly believed that cholera was caused by the "rat ghosts". This incidents drove them into the utmost horror to the disease. Transformation and distortion of information amplified people`s fear, and victim mentality immanent in the death toll, shows it very well. I could confirmed that the then records of death toll by the cholera was exaggerated, by comparing the loss of population on census at the epidemic outbreak with that at a great famine. Also, it could be understood that these records reflected how large the shock and horror of Joseon people was, when they confronted the disease for the first time. People`s counteractions against cholera were taken in various fashions. They started to take all the measures possible as existent traditional medicine did not work on the disease. Those were medical treatments with herbs, shamanistic treatments though praying, and folk remedies making use of private practices. In addition, many people devoted themselves to Catholicism despite the government`s suppression on the religion. Cholera was only a microvirus, but it provided a possibility to bring a bout a new thinking. people had been scared to death while the untreatable disease continued for 2 years. Fear and an fervent desire for public safety amplified their dissatisfacitons and senses of crisis towards the society, and it could be connected with a hope of their desiring a new world. Choi je-woo, the founder of "Donghak (東學)", commented that the time of cholera prevalence in the 19th century, when people were in distress, had been just like the end of the world. Healso provided people with peace of mind to overcome cholera, coming to them with an extreme horror and the fear, with power of religion. He could burrow deeply into people`s mind as he mentioned "Gaebyeok (開闢)", the opening of a new world. Like this, cholera worked as a catalytic agent to bring about a new thinking in the 19th century.
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