속절(俗節)로서 영등･머슴날 풍속의 2월 초하루 = Lunar February 1st as a Holiday in which the Customs of Meoseumnal and Yeongdeung Appeared

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 연구는 영등맞이, 머슴날 등과 같은 다양한 풍속이 지역별로 다르게 출현하는 ‘2월 초하루(음력 2월 1일)’가 풍속의 집합일로서 속절(명절)이었음을 밝히는데 목적이 있다.
이날이 개별 풍속 위주의 설날, 추석 등의 명절과 달리 날짜 중심의 속절이었음은 다수의 지역에서 2월 초하루를 분명하게 명절로 인식했거나, 명절을 쇠는 한 척도라고 할 수 있는 절식(節食)의 출현빈도가 설날보다 높다는 점에서 살필 수 있다. 또한 2월 초하루에 출현했던 풍속의 대부분이 고대의 신일(愼日) 또는 농사 관련 명절(중화절)의 영향을 받았으며, 특히 이날은 관념상의 봄철인 음력 1월의 설날과 달리 실제 계절상의 봄으로 봄맞이와 농사 시작의 명절로 삼기에 맞춤했다는 점도 2월 1일이 속절이었음을 뒷받침한다. 따라서 2월 초하루는 고대의 명절 풍속을 계승하고 계절의 변화와 농사력(農事曆)에 부응했던 속절이었다고 할 수 있을 것이다.
2월 초하루의 풍속은 한반도 중서부와 남동부를 길게 잇는 역 슬래시(⑊) 권역에 의해 5대별되는 양상을 보였으며, 역 슬래시 권역에서는 영등맞이와 머슴날 풍속이 주로 출현했다, 영등맞이는 다수의 지역에서 대나무로 만든 물대를 설치하고 솥단지째로 제물을 올리며 짚으로 만든 ‘끄래미’ 등을 썼다는 점에서 고대 의례 양식의 잔존과 함께 풍속의 기저에는 수도작(水稻作) 문화가 자리함을 살피게 한다. 이 풍속에 나타난 영등신의 신격은 의례의 목적과 그 양식이 안택고사와 크게 다르지 않다는 점에서 ‘가신의 조력자’인 것으로 여겨진다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study is to reveal that the lunar February 1st, when various customs such as Meoseumnal and Yeongdeung appeared differently in each region, was a Sokjeol (a traditional holiday) as a gathering day of customs.
The fact that the lunar February 1st was a Sokjeol centered on the date, unlike holidays such as Seolnal or Chuseok that focus on individual customs, can be seen in the fact that many regions clearly recognized this day as a holiday, or that the frequency of the appearance of Jeolsik (節食), which can be considered a measure of commemorating the holiday, is higher than that of Seolnal. In addition, most of the customs that appeared on the lunar February 1st were influenced by the ancient Sinil (a day of reluctance and caution) or the Junghwajeol (an agricultural holiday), and in particular, the fact that the lunar February 1st is the spring in real season, unlike the lunar New Year’s day, which is an ideological spring, and is suitable for use as a holiday to mark the beginning of spring and farming also supports that this day was Sokjeol. Therefore, it can be said that the lunar February 1st was Sokjeol, which inherited ancient holiday customs and responded to seasonal changes and the agricultural calendar.
The customs of the lunar February 1st can be divided into five regions by the reverse slash (⑊) region that stretches across the central-western and southeastern parts of the Korean Peninsula, and Yeongdeung and Meoseumnal customs mainly appeared in the reverse slash region. In the southwestern region outside this area, Kongbokkgi (roasting beans) appeared, in the northwestern region, the custom of eating Naitteok (rice cakes), and in the central and eastern region, these several customs appeared together. Among these customs, Yeongdeung, in many regions, was characterized by installing a bamboo stand, offering sacrifices by a whole cauldron, and using straw-made 'kkeuraemi'. Therefore, it is possible to see that the Yeongdeung custom has the survival of ancient ritual styles and the culture of paddy-rice farming is at the base of this custom. The purpose of practicing the Yeongdeung-custom was not much different from Antaekgosa, and in many regions, even the ritual styles were similar to Antaekgosa, so the deity of Yeongdeung recognized by those who practiced this custom was considered to be 'the assistant of the house-deities.'