이행기 정의를 통해 본 일본 한센인 운동, 1946~2009 = Transitional Justices in the Social Movement of People Affected by Hansen’s Disease in Japan

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article seeks to examine the Japanese civil society’s efforts to solve the problem of people affected by Hansen’s disease(PAH), who had been coercively institutionalized for a lifetime in the facilities under the “Leprosy Prevention Law” that lasted for nearly ninety years with the concepts of transitional justice. To do this, we categorize the transitional justice into retributive justice, restorative justice, and transformative justice, and examined how each phase of PAH social movement in Japan conforms to which justice’s characteristics.
PAH social movement in Japan can be broadly divided into three phases: ① a prior phase; ② a phase of retributive and restorative justice; ③ a phase of restorative and transformative justice. The first phase was a time when the concept of transitional justice had not yet worked sufficiently, but it should be emphasized that the basis for it had been formed.
The Second phase was a period when retributive justice and restorative justice had been realized at the same time and in part.
Through the lawsuit, the failures of the administrative and legislative bodies were recognized and eventually the apology was made by the Prime Minister. At the same time, PAH’s damages caused by wrong policy was formulated and economic compensation was completed based on this. However, revealing the truth through litigation was limited to the assailants’ abuse rather than the specific damage of the victims, and not to reach the social and institutional efforts to solve this issue.
Finally, the period of enactment of the Act on Promotion of Resolution of Hansen’s Disease Issues was a time when restorative justice and transformative justice were pursued at the same time. In this period, the concept of damage-recovery was more broadly defined, and also various efforts to do so were made. Moreover, PAH and Japanese civil society pursued the transformation of social-cultural system by stating their efforts to provide devices to prevent similar discrimination against PAH.
When we analyze Japanese PAH’s social movement with the concept of transitional justice, we find, in theory, its fluidity and multi-dimensionality on one hand, and in practice the way of dealing with past history issues should be not just one-off event, but a series of accumulated diverse efforts on the other hand.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 글은 90년 가까이 지속된 「나예방법」에 의하여 한센병시설에 일평생 수용당해야만 했던 한센인 문제 해결을 위한 일본 사회의 노력을 이행기정의 개념을 가지고 살펴보고자 했다. 이를 위하여 이행기정의를 응보적 정의, 회복적 정의, 변혁적정의로 구분하고, 일본 한센인 운동을 크게 ① 이행기 정의 실현 예비기, ② 응보및 회복적 정의 실현기, ③ 회복 및 변혁적 정의 실현기의 세 시기로 나누어 살펴보았다. 첫 국면인 법 개정 및 폐지 운동기는 아직 이행기 정의 개념이 충분히 작동하지 못했던 시기이지만, 변혁적 정의가 태동했다는 점에서 중요하다. 특히 이 시기에 당사자 단체가 형성되었고, 전문가 집단이 이를 지지하기 시작했다. 두 번째국면인 배상청구소송기는 응보적 정의와 회복적 정의가 동시에 그리고 부분적으로실현되었던 시기라 할 수 있다. 소송을 통하여 행정부 및 입법부의 잘못이 인정되었고 이에 따라 국가의 사과와 경제적 보상이 이루어졌다. 마지막으로 한센병문제기본법 제정기는 회복적 정의와 변혁적 정의가 동시에 추구되는 시기였다. 피해회복의 개념을 더욱 광범위하게 정의했으며, 한센인에 대한 유사한 차별이 발생하는것을 방지하기 위한 장치들을 마련하기 위한 노력을 명시함으로써 사회문화적 구조에 대한 변화를 추구했다. 일본의 한센인 운동 사례를 통해 이행기 정의가 중첩적으로 나타나는 것을 확인했으며, 실천적으로는 정의를 성취하는 단발적인 사건보다는 운동의 축적된 역사적 경험이 중요함을 알 수 있었다.