17·18세기 서울에서의 공노비 고립과 운영: 왕실·각사노비를 중심으로 = The Employment and Operation of Gongnobi(公奴婢) in 17·18th Century Seoul: Focusing on the Royal Family and Central Government’s Nobi

국문 초록 (Abstract)

서울에 소재한 왕실·각사는 각사노비의 입역과 선상을 통해 노동력을 확보하였으나, 17세기 이후 점차 경인(京人)을 고립하기에 이르렀다. 노비의 고립은 크게 중앙각사의 원역 고립, 공물주인의 역인 책립 등 두 가지 계통으로 이루어졌다. 호조·병조가 중앙재정을 통해 고립한 각사 원역은 주로 궐내나 상사의 평소 사환에 제한되었으며, 나머지 노동력은 그대로 각사에 남아있었다. 이에 대해 중앙각사는 자체 경비를 동원해 고립하거나, 공물주인이 진배해야 하는 역으로 규정함으로써 대응하였다. 본 논문에서는 호조 및 중앙각사의 고립 내역, 공물주인이 수행하는 관역(官役)의 내역을 검토함으로써 조선후기 왕실과 중앙각사의 노동력 동원 양상을 전체적으로 복원하고자 하였다. 나아가 각사노비의 고립은 역이 노동력 고용과 부세 수취라는 이원적 구조로 재편되는 과정에서 나타난 변화로, 노비역의 노동력 의미는 점차 퇴색하고 신공이 중심으로 떠올랐음을 살펴보았다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

From beginning of the Joseon Dynasty, the labor needed for the royal family and central government offices in Seoul was provided through the forced labor of gaksanobi(各司奴婢). However, the way this system operated changed significantly after the 17th century. Labor was hired directly from Seoul, and the cost of hiring labor was collected from the provinces as a tax. This was due to a variety of socio-economic structural changes, including improvements in agricultural productivity and population growth, the concentration of social labor in agriculture, increased taxation of land, and the expansion of money and logistics distribution.
The Daedongbeop(大同法), which required that the necessary in-kind goods be purchased in the Seoul market, and the cost of goods be assessed on local land, was an important step in institutionalizing the employment of nobi. Nobi employment can be broadly categorized into two ways depending on the subject of employment. One is the direct hiring of a nobi by a government office that handles central finances such as the Hojo(戶曹), and the other is the hiring of a nobi by a tribute merchants(貢物主人) who separates the tribute price(貢物價) and the service price(役價) he receives. From this point of view, it can be said that employment was not simply a phenomenon of buying and selling labor, but a policy of how to organize the country's labor.
On the other hand, the employment of the nobi resulted in the unification of the national service from providing labor to paying taxes for those who lived in provinces. This suggests that the state will emphasize the financial aspect, called singong(身貢), instead of labor in the future to operate the nobi’s national service and the nobi system.