프랑스혁명기 리옹반란과 혁명정부의 학살 = The Lyon Revolt and the Massacre of the Revolutionary Government during the French Revolution

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article aims to reexamine the meanings of the French Revolution through the analysis of the Lyon Revolt and the cruel massacre by the revolutionary government in May 1793. Was it a reactionary and anti-revolutionary mouvement perpetrated by the bourgeois and the royalists of the French second city when the revolutionary dynamics were being transferred from the bourgeoisie to the sans-culottes? Was it a resistance for saving the liberty from the Parisian Jacobins’ tyranny? Or was it a mouvement for saving the parliamentary ‘law’ from the popular ‘justice’? Who were responsible for the Lyon Revolt and the massacre? Was the Terreur the inevitable measure to save the country from the external and internal wars? Or was it no more than the explosions of the furies and the vengeances?
When the Revolution broke out in 1789, the lyonese bourgeois didn’t want to revolutionize Lyon though they accepted the Parisian revolutionary cause. But as the lyonese Jacobins led by Chalier took the power of the city in late 1792 and took the radical policy of the class antagonism, the lyonese bourgeois revolted and got rid of them in May 1793 with the help of the popular sections who were suffering from the infringement of their traditional autonomy by their former allies. For this reason, the Lyon Revolt can be considered to be an anti-Jacobin mouvement rather than a social class struggle.
It was natural that the Nation Convention couldn’t approve the Lyon Revolt. After the military attack and capture of the city in October 1793, the National Convention ordered that Lyon shouldn’t be existent. While the People’s representative Couthon didn’t follow faithfully the order of the destruction and the massacre, Collot d’Herbois and Fouché, his successors, were faithful. They carried out the order to the letter, which resulted in the cruel execution of about 2,000 citizens.
The Committee of Public Safety’s response was the “Terreur”. It was no other than the illegal violence wielded by the state. It is certain that the Terreur was the inevitable measure to win the internal and external wars. Nevertheless, it is also certain that the Lyon massacre was a frantic social vengeance exceeding a normal state punishment. Though the massacre was carried out by the People’s Representatives, the Committee of Public Safety cannot escape the final responsibility for the savage act.
Those who participated in the revolt supported the French Revolution in 1789. The Lyon Revolt was not the royalist anti-Revolution eager to return to the Ancient Regime. To see it as the anti-Revolution is to follow naively the interpretation in justification of the policy of Terreur of the Jacobins. It cannot be denied that the Lyon Revolt was a civil resistance for saving the liberty, the law, the representative system and the property in opposition to the equality, the people’ justice and the people’s direct democracy dreamed of by the Jacobins and the Sans-culottes.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 「국문초록」
• Ⅰ. 머리말
• Ⅱ. 반(反)자코뱅 반란
• Ⅲ. 시민들의 항전
• Ⅳ. 혁명정부의 학살
• Ⅴ. 맺음말
• 〈참고문헌〉
• 〈Abstract〉

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 에드먼드 버크, "프랑스혁명에 대한 성찰" 한길사 2008
• 2 프랑수아 퓌레, "프랑스혁명사" 일월서각 1990
• 3 양희영, "프랑스혁명과 폭력: 민중봉기에서 공포정치로?" 한국프랑스사학회 (32) : 29-53, 2015
• 4 알베르 소불, "프랑스대혁명사 상권" 두레 1984
• 5 양희영, "프랑스 반혁명 연구의 동향: 서부지방 농민반란 연구를 중심으로" 동국역사문화연구소 (52) : 363-397, 2012
• 6 김응종, "방데전쟁의 폭력성-학살인가 제노사이드인가?" 국방부군사편찬연구소 (97) : 395-424, 2015
• 7 자크 고드쇼, "반혁명(La contre-revolution: Doctrine et action, 1789-1804)" 아카넷 2012
• 8 Edmonds, Bill, "‘Federalism’ and Urban Revolt in France in 1793" 55 : 1983
• 9 Secher, Reynald, "Vendée: Du Génocide au Mémoricide. Mécanique d’un crime légal contre l’humanité" Les Editions du Cerf 2011
• 10 Palmer, R. R., "Twelve who ruled. The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution" Princeton University Press 1969
• 11 Lucas, Colin, "The Structure of the Terror. The Example of Javogues and the Loire" Oxford University Press 1973
• 12 Edmonds, Bill, "The Rise and Fall of Popular Democracy in Lyon 1789-1795" 67 (67): 1984
• 13 Mansfield, Paul, "The Repression of Lyon, 1793-4; Origins, Responsibility and Significance" 2 : 1988
• 14 Mayeur, Arno, "The Furies. Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions" Princeton UP 2000
• 15 Forrest, Alan, "Rewriting the French Revolution" Oxford University Press 1991
• 16 Abbé Sieyès, "Qu'est-ce que le Tiers-État?"
• 17 Robespierre, Charlotte, "Mémoires de Charlotte Robespierre sur ses deux frères" 1835
• 18 Herriot, E., "Lyon n’est plus" 1940
• 19 Cobb, R., "Les Armées révolutionnaire : Instrument de la Terreur dans les départements, avril 1793-floréal an II" 1963
• 20 Secher, Reynald, "La Vendée-Vengé. Le Génocide franco-française" Perrin 1986
• 21 Takashi Koï, "La Révolution française à Lyon – liberté ou égalité" ∽un livre de TakashiKoï, présenté par lui-même
• 22 Moulinas, René, "La Contre-Révolution. Origines, histoire et postérité" Perrin
• 23 Edmonds, W. D., "Jacobinism and the Revolt of Lyon, 1789-1793" Oxford University Press 1990
• 24 Prudhomme, Louis-Marie, "Histoire générale et impartiale des erreurs, des fautes et des crimes commis pendant la Révolution française, 제6권" 1797
• 25 Vovelle, Michel, "Edouard Baratier" Toulouse 1973
• 26 Suratteau, J.-R., "Dictionnaire historique de La Revolution Française" PUF 1989
• 27 Ozouf, Mona, "Dictionnaire critique de la Revolution française" Flammarion 1988
• 28 Martin, Jean-Clément, "Contre-Révolution, Révolution et Nation en France, 1789-1799" Editions du Seuil 1998
• 29 Edmonds, Bill, "A Jacobin Debacle: The Losing of Lyon in Spring 1793" 69 : 1984