중국 근대 의학교육체제의 모색 - 베이징협화의학원(PUMC)의 영미파 西醫를 중심으로 = An Inquiry into the Chinese Modern Medical Education System: Focusing on the Britain-America Faction of Western Medical Doctors of Peking Union Medical College

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper aims to inquire into the plans of the Britain-America faction(英美派; yingmeipai) to take the lead in Chinese medical education, focusing on Peking Union Medical College(PUMC) under the influence of the Rockefeller Foundation.
Western medical doctors(西醫; xiyi) refer to Chinese doctors, who learned Western modern medicine and practiced. Western medical doctors can be classified into a Britain-America faction a Japan-Germany faction(日獨派, 德日派; deripai) depending on the countries, where they studied, or educational languages and the characters of the schools that they graduated from. At first, the Japan-Germany faction was predominant, but the Britain-America faction began to grow as the central power of the Western medical doctors’ circles over time. The support from the Rockefeller Foundation exerted a significant force in this process.
The Rockefeller Foundation is a charity founded by John D. Rockefeller, a famous American oil millionaire, in 1913. The China Medical Board of the Rockefeller Foundation took over PUMC with the aim of fostering highly-qualified Chinese doctors and hygienists that were capable of fulfill health administration. The most distinguishing feature and strongest point of PUMC’s education system is all the classes were run in English, because students needed to learn rapidly changing medical knowledge with no problem to be Western medical doctors of high standard and lead Chinese medicine.
Western medical doctors from PUMC became the pivot of the Britain-America faction, based on their high-level English skills and medical knowledge, experience in studying in Europe and America and linkage with the Rockefeller Foundation. In other words, PUMC was a crucial place for Western medical doctors of the Britain-America faction to guarantee their social positions and realize an educational ideal. This is well displayed in the views of PUMC-related medical experts on the Faber’s Report.
Faber’s Report is about Chinese medical education submitted by Doctor Knud Faber to the League of Nations in 1930. The most important suggestion in this report was to manage the Medical College training a minority of highly-qualified medical elites in combination with a normal medical school that could teach a majority of medical experts. The persons involved in PUMC did not welcome this suggestion, thinking that training a large number of low-level Western medical doctors would not help much in developing Chinese medicine.
They claimed it was more important to establish the standard of the medical school education system and raise the levels of existing medical schools. However, there was also a strong argument that a system for training a lot of Western medical doctors quickly was required regardless of the levels of Western medical doctors, in order to improve the extreme shortage of the number of Western medical doctors.
When they were failing to reach an agreement, J. Heng Li(劉瑞恒) of PUMC put forward an alternative to talk about how to change the medical school two years after running a model school. Finally, the experts tentatively agreed to run the Experimental Medical School along with the Higher Normal Medical College.
During this process, the persons involved repeatedly stressed that PUMC could perform a role in establishing the standard of scientific medical education. PUMC with a high level of education system that could set a good example for other medical schools was indeed qualified to serve as a higher normal medical college. Besides, PUMC’s own resources and manpower could be of big help when managing the experimental medical college. Since they were equipped with the outstanding teaching staff, the college was able to dispatch its competent teachers required to run the experimental medical college. Especially, it was obvious that doctors from PUMC could build up a stronger presence, as the importance of English education was recognized by all the experts. The well-organized facilities and institutions of PUMC were also enough to provide a higher level of medical education.
As stated above, Western medical doctors of the Britain-America faction from PUMC thought there was a need to improve the Chinese medical education system so they could strengthen their positions too. It was not a big problem that PUMC was funded by overseas countries and highly influenced by foreigners. Instead, Western medical doctors of the Britain-America faction began to emerge as the mainstream in the Chinese world of Western medical doctors, using their experience in receiving Western education and studying abroad, high English skills and a high level of medical knowledge.

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