개혁-개방 이후 중국 기술산업 정책의 진화 = Evolution of China’s Tech-Industrial Policies Since Open and Reform

국문 초록 (Abstract)

2015년에 발표된 ‘중국제조 2025(中国制造 2025)’ 정책에서 드러나는 것처럼, 중국은 제5세대 정보통신과 기술, 인공지능 등과 같은 첨단미래산업에서 주도권을 잡기 위해 국가의 역량을 총동원하고 있다. 무엇보다도, 중국의 이러한 국가중심으로 이루어지는 막대한 연구개발(R&D) 투자와 외국 기업들에 대한 (암묵적) 시장접근 제한과 기술이전 강요는 최근 미국, 유럽 국가들과 상당한 갈등을 야기하고 있다. 본 논문은 기술이전 정책에 초점을 맞추어 1980년대 중반의 ‘시장과 기술교환(市场换技术)’ 정책, 이후 2000년대 추진된 ‘자주혁신(自主创新)’과 전략신흥산업 정책이 어떻게 대내외적 환경변화와 도전에 조정되어 ‘중국제조 2025’ 정책으로 발전되었는지 진화과정(evolutionary process) 분석틀을 통해 설명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 통해, 개혁-개방 40년을 통해 발전된 적응적(adaptive)이고 변증법적 역동성(dialectic dynamics)을 특징으로 하는 중국 정치경제 거버넌스를 강조하고자 한다. 구체적으로, 자동차산업의 경험적 사례연구를 통해 중국이 기술이전을 통해 어떻게 선진기술을 ‘학습(learning)’하고 자주적 ‘혁신(innovation)’을 추진하여 궁극적으로 중국산 상품과 기술로 ‘대체(substitution)’를 추구하는지 기술산업 정책의 진화과정을 설명하고자 한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

As the policy of ‘Made in China 2025’ indicates, China makes great effort to lead the advanced future industries, such as 5G information technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI). Above all, China’s enormous state-led R&D investment and implicit pressure over foreign firms to share key technology with Chinese partners lead to substantial conflicts between China and the advanced market economies, particularly the US and EU in recent. Focusing on China’s policy of technology transfer, this paper attempts to explain how ‘the policy of exchanging technology with market’ during the 1980s has evolved and developed into ‘the policy of indigenous innovation’ and ‘policy of strategic emerging industries’ over the 2000s, leading to the rise of ‘Made in China 2025’ in the early 2010s. By using the analytic framework of evolutionary process, this study examines the “evolutionary process” of China’s technology development beyond the conventional state versus market approach. In so doing, this study highlights dialectic dynamics and adaptive governance as important features of China’s economic governance. As an empirical case, the automobile industry offers a good example to show how China has learned the advanced technology at first, and then pursued indigenous innovation, ultimately aiming to substitution with Chinese products and technology.

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