近代化論에 立脚한 地域社會開發 硏究 = Theory and Practice of Community Development Approached from the Viewpoint of Modernization
저자
박태암 (한사대학 지역사회개발연구소)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1981
작성언어
Korean
KDC
322.005
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
131-263(133쪽)
제공처
소장기관
1. Purpose of study
The purpose of this study can be summed up in the following three investigations:
1) To define conceptual connections between the modernization, the community development (CD), and the Saemaul Undong, by means of comparative analysis of concepts, theories, and goals of the three movements;
2) To evaluate achievements made so far by the Saemaul Undong, a Korean model of CD, and to show a desirable direction for its future, by examining processes of its evolution up to the present day from the viewpoint of modernization theory;
3) To present a most efficient model of Korean CD, and to suggest practical measures for carrying the model, into practice in terms of concrete and detailed case studies of the Saemaul Undong.
2. Motivation and method of study
The undertaking of this study is motivated by our recognition of the fact that, contrary to men's earnest wish for creating a more humane and more comfortable life, the more enlarged and expanded modernization has got, the less humane and comfortable the life has grown. The CD is an effort for modernization, and the Saemaul Undong is a Korean type of CD. Both "community" and "maul" literally mean a society of Gemeinschaft; the two similarly represents a society of common sympathy and warm hospitality. However, neither the Community Development nor the Saemaul has promoted common pleasance and sympathetic feeling; conversely, both have rather increased the loss of sympathy and the absence of humanity. This study is designed to offer a way to restore the lost humanism in a modernized society.
If a true modernization aims at a balanced realization of its two basic principles, humanism and rationalism, the practical policy for modernization of most countries tends to place far greater emphasis upon the latter principle, consciously or unconsciously neglecting the former. The result is the dominance of material and quantitative development of technology and economy, which necessarily leads to a limitless expansion and strengthening of urbanization and bureaucratization. In short, the consequent effects of the one-sided modernization, CD, and Saemaul Undong have been to almost completely get rid of the possibility of realizing the humanist principle of humanitarian democracy by replacing a Gemeinschaft with a Gessellschaft.
As is now well-known, to pass through this serious crisis of dishumanization, governmental efforts have been made to develop or reconstruct a humane community in recent Europe, America, and Japan. In view of a profound impasse the Korean Samaul Undong is now facing, this study attempts to propose some countermeasures by which to cope with the critical situation.
3. Contents study
This study comprises three major observations; examination of the definitions and main theories of modernization and C.D.; analysis of the processes of evolution and achievements of the Saemaul Undong, and revaluation of them: and the author's proposals of tentative model of desirable self-governing cmmunity development which are based on investigations into concrete cases of the Saemaul Undong.
1) The definitions and theories:
The term modernization is usually used in following three ways; a uniquely western historical process, a social system in a particular stage of historical development, and a universal general concept. While the historical concept defines modernization as a peculiarly Western phenamenon of social development, the social system concept qualifies it as a specific process which occurs in a specific stage of history. However, either of them is not relevant to the analysis of modernization in the developing country including Korea. The only adequate category seems to be general concept, which is applied to in this study.
The universal general concept of modernization defines the term as neither a Western phenamenon nor a process in a series of evolutionary stages but as a human effort to realize a harmoniously balanced development of scientific industrialization and democratized humanization. In its ideological orign, the conception of modernization pursued for not only material but also spiritual improvement of human life. Contrary to its initial intention, the actual practice of modernization has often produced a partial modernization of industrialization without liberty or democracy without humanization.
Also despite the fact that the original concept of "community" included in it both senses of locality and communal sentiment, the modernized CD has almost failed to substantiate the two senses in an integral unity, particularly owing to a very rapid spread of traffic and communication and the consequent expansion of the life sphere of community. While it is difficult for R.M. Maclver's comprehensive concept of community to easily comprehend in it the "communal" community, the limited ecological and functional concept of H.F. Kaufman, NakaMura, and others tends to disregard the importance of locality.
In the light of the deffects which can be found in the two major theories of the twentieth-century, the community is defined in this study as a limited concept of local community. In this local community, which is based on a small geographical boundary, that is, a village, the residents know one another very well, share common feelings and behaviors, and settle their problems by means of compromise and consensus. The local community constitutes the lowest but the mot efficient unit for CD as a practitioning arena of democratic self-government.
2) The Saemaul Undong is a korean type of modernization movement which has brought about an epoch-making innovation in modern Korean history. To embody three great spiritual principles - diligence, selfhelp, and cooperation - the movement aims to accomplish three great goals - the enlightment of spirit, the increase of income, and the social development. This Korean type of CD, which during the one decade of the 1970's had been launched and propelled under the governmental initiative, has attained surprising achievements and made great contribution to national as well local developments of our country.
Moreover, it provides the nation with a national spirit which it has lacked for long. As is widely known, the national spirit, such as the Frontier Spirit of the United States, the Puritan Spirit of western nations, and the Yamato Spirit of Japan, has worked as a driving force for a nation's development. The formation of the Saemual Spirit indeed means the emergence of an objectified national spirit of modern Korea.
A series of case studies shows that if a decade of years of the Saemaul Undong to a great extent have elevated the standard of living in rural communities and enlightened the attitude and behavior of village residents, some half of them, overwhelming portion of which consists of younger generations, dislike to remain in the country area. Above all, the reluctance of able young farmers to settle down on the farm threatens to impede a successive progression of the movement since of average village resident still lacks a sufficient amount of self-governing ability.
3) Proposals for a tentative model:
The division of CD into three possible models and the subdivision of the second model into two types can be made in accordance with leadership relation between government and people: the government-initiating model which is relevant to the under developed country; the type A of the government-people-cooperating model which gives more leadership to the government and the type B of it which gives more leadership to the people; and the popular self-governing model which is relevant to the developed country.
Of the four, the most desirable is the third model, which may be applicable to a few more advanced villages and towns as an experimental example, and which should be extended to all other local communities as soon as possible. But the most relevant to most of Korean communities at the present moment seems to be the type B of the second model.The final goal is the third model, but the type B of the second model is a necessary transitional prerequisit for arriving at the ideal situation.
To hasten our departure from the first model and the type A of the second model, both of which occupied a far more dominant place in the 1970's Saemaul Undong, following strategic measures will be required; energetic vitalization of organized development of community, systematic enforcement of improvement of social environment, nation-wide expansion of citizenship education for voluntary community consciousness, constructive activation of residential consensus, and adequate operation for ceaseless persistince of community development of governmental administrative power.
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