水稻用 發泡性錠劑 除草劑의 擴散性 및 除草活性

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

A series of studies involving formulation processes, bubbling activity test, diffusibility test, biological efficacy test and regional adaptation trial was undertaken to develop bubbling tablet herbicide formulations with three kinds of sulfonylureas as an active ingredient for perennial weed controls and pyriminobac-methyl as an active ingredient for annual weed controls in paddy rice. The diffusibility test was done in various conditions which might be influenced by several factors. The biological efficacy test with different sizes of paddy field was carried out to determine control effect of the weeds as well as phytotoxicity to the rice plants. The promised bubbling tablet herbicide formulation was put into the regional adaptation trial at four regional locations and also was evaluated the labor-saving effect among different application methods.
1. Optimal active ingredient dosage of halosulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, and azimsulfuron for the control of perennial weeds in paddy rice as bubbing tablet formulations was found to be 8.1 g/10a, 2.63 g/10a, and 1.88 g/10a, respectively. Whereas the dosage of pyriminobac-methyl for the control of annual weeds was 3 g/10a.
2. Gas evolution speed from the tablets prepared by different organic acids was in the order of oxalic acid, malonic acid, citric acid, and tataric acid. The gas evolution from the tablet was completed within 6 minutes after immersing it into water.
3. The total volume of evolved gas from the tablet and diffusibility of the active ingredient in the submerged water were increased with increase of water temperature; the volume from 1 g of tablet at 10,15,25,30℃ for 5 minutes after immersion into water was 20, 25, 28, 45, 57 ㎖, respectively. The concenration of halosulfuron-methyl and pyriminobac-methyl in submerged water at 5, 15, 20 and 30 ℃ at the 2.4 m distance from the applied spot of the tablet was 20, 48, 85, and 97% of the concentration of treated spot, respectively.
4. The evolved gas volume from the tablets was not affected by pH of submerged water.
5. The total evolved gas volume 1 g of the tablet stored at 25, 40, 50 ℃ for 70 days was recorded around 24 to 26 ㎖, which means that the storage temperature of the tablet does not influence the gas evolution by immersing it into the submerged water.
6. The concentration of halosulfuron-methyl in different sizes of submerged water within 24 hours after treatment of the tablet was maintained 0.16 ppm, which is ideal concentration at standard dosage regardless of the submerged water area. The concentration of pyriminobac-methyl was also uniformly dispersed in the water within 24 hours after applying it into the submerged water.
7. The wind velocity of 5 m/sec on concentration distribution of halosulfuron-methyl and pyriminobac-methyl in the submerged water 24 hours after treatment was not influenced; an equal concentration in the up the wind and down the wind from the applied spot was maintained.
8. The concentratio of halosulfuron-methyl in submerged water floating straws was 80 to 87%, and that of pyriminobac-methyl was 80% of the concentration at the treated spot 2.4 m distant spot from the treated spot 24 hours after treatment. Meanwhile, the weeding effect and phytotoxicity were not greatly affected by floating debris in the submerged water.
9. Spot treatment of one tablet formulation including 5 times higher dosage(25g) gave equal distribution of halosulfuron-methyl in the submerged water 24 hours after treatment, while the concentration of the pyriminobac-methyl in the water at 2.4 m distant spot from the treated spot was only 52 to 55% of the spot. On the other hand, spot treatments of one tablet formulations(5g) including 4 times higher dosage at 4 different spots resulted in even concentration distribution of active ingredient in the water 24 hours after applying it into the submerged water.
10. The herbicidal efficacy of the tablet of halosulfuron-methyl and pyriminobac-methyl in the plot with 5 cm of submerged water depth was excellent regardless of weed species, but was poor in 2 cm water depth for the control of Scirpus juncoides and Sagittaria trifolia at the spot 2.4 m distant from the treated spot. At the same time, the phytoroxicity at the treated spot was also severe when the shallow submerged water depth was maintained.
11. An excellent weeding efficacy was obtained from the no-leaching condition regardless of weed species, however, the efficacy on Echinochloa crus-galli, Scirpus juncoides and Sagittaria trifolia were poor at the 2.4 m distant from the treated spot. Severe phytotoxicity to rice plant was also observed in 3 cm water leaching plot.
12. The soil texture was not influenced to the weeding efficacy and phytotoxicity of the tablet of halosulfuron-methyl and pyriminobac-methyl.
13. The concentrations of halosulfuron-methyl in submerged water of different sizes of 50, 25 and 12.5 m²6 hours after treatment was 0.09, 0.119~0.17, 0.119~0.17 ppm,respectively, which were 55.0, 87.5 and 56.2% of ideal concentration, 0.162 ppm.Those concentration patterns were similar with the patterns of conventional granule treatment. The weeding efficacy was acceptable for the tested weed species and no severe phytotoxicity was also observed except at the treated spot.
14. THe regional adaptation trials at 4 different locations showed that the bubbing tablet with halosulfuron-methyl and pyriminobac-methyl had a commercialization potential as a labor-saving formulation.
15. The required time to apply the bubbing tablet was around 15 minutes per 4,000 m², which was about 50% of the conventional granule formulation; 30 to 33 minutes per 4,000 m².
16. Toxicity study of all the tested bubbling tablets resulted in moderately toxic for acute oral or acute dermal toxicity classification. Fish toxicity of the tablets is also classified as grade III. Accordingly, the tablet with halosulfuron-methyl and pyriminobac-methyl was applicable as a new herbicide formulation for paddy rice.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차
• I. 서론 = 1
• II. 연구사 = 5
• III. 재료 및 방법 = 9
• 1. 재료 = 9
• (1) 공시잡초 및 작물 = 9
• (2) 제초활성 성분 = 10
• 2. 발포성 정제의 최적 유효농도 결정 = 12
• 3. 발포성 정제의 제제화 = 14
• (1) 제조 = 14
• (2) 발포가스량 측정 = 14
• (3) 발포속도 및 발포력 = 15
• (4) 안정성 = 15
• 4. 수중 유효성분의 확산성 = 16
• (1) 시료채취 및 분석조건 = 16
• (2) 발포성 정제의 혼합조합 선발 = 16
• (3) 실험면적별 확산성 = 17
• (4) 바람에 의한 확산성 = 18
• (5) 수면 부유물에 의한 확산성 = 20
• (6) 수온에 따른 확산성 = 20
• (7) 과량처리시 확산성 = 21
• (8) 근접처리시 확산성 = 22
• 5. 발포성 정제의 약효 및 약해 변동요인 = 23
• (1) 담수심 차이에 따른 약효 및 약해 = 23
• (2) 감수심 차이에 따른 약효 및 약해 = 24
• (3) 바람에 의한 약효 및 약해 = 25
• (4) 수면 부유물에 따른 약효 및 약해 = 25
• (5) 토성에 따른 약효 및 약해 = 25
• 6. 실험면적의 최적화 포장실험 = 26
• 7. 지역적응성 실험 = 28
• 8. 노동력 경감효과 = 29
• 9. 안정성 = 31
• IV. 결과 및 고찰 = 35
• 1. 발포성 정제의 최적 유효농도 결정 = 35
• 2. 발포성 정제의 물리 화학성 = 42
• (1) 발포속도 및 발포력 = 42
• (2) 안정성 = 48
• 3. 수중 유효성분의 확산성 = 48
• (1) 발포성 정제의 혼합조합 선발 = 48
• (2) 실험면적별 확산성 = 51
• (3) 바람에 의한 확산성 = 56
• (4) 수면 부유물에 의한 확산성 = 58
• (5) 수온에 따른 확산성 = 61
• (6) 과량처리시 확산성 = 61
• (7) 근접처리시 확산성 = 64
• 4. 발포성 정제의 약효 및 약해 변동요인 = 67
• (1) 담수심 차이에 따른 약효 및 약해 = 67
• (2) 감수심 차이에 따른 약효 및 약해 = 68
• (3) 바람에 의한 약효 및 약해 = 68
• (4) 수면 부유물에 따른 약효 및 약해 = 70
• (5) 토성에 따른 약효 및 약해 = 70
• 5. 실험면적의 최적화 포장실험 = 73
• 6. 지역적응성 실험 = 81
• 7. 노동력 경감효과 = 90
• 8. 안정성 = 92
• V. 종합고찰 = 95
• VI. 적요 = 103
• 참고문헌 = 107
• Abstract = 113