청 초기 장백산 탐사와 황제권

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper analyzes the expedition of Mt. Changbai in 1677 commissioned by the Kangxi emperor, addressing that this project was carried out for the purpose of strengthening the imperial authority in the Qing empire. The imperial commissioner Umene’s journey to Mt. Changbai in 1677 was the very first of a series of examinations of the mountains that the Qing government conducted throughout the late seventeenth to the early eighteenth centuries. Umene’s group began their travel in Bejing and passed through postal stations on the route to Shengjing before reaching Jilin, where they made detailed plans for providing supplies and checking trails for exploration of the mountains. Divided in two groups ? one on the overland route for expedition and the other on watercourse for provision ? they left Jilin and investigated Mt. Changbai via Yehe Neyen. Umene’s group came back to Jilin after finishing the expedition, and further examined Ningguta and Huining before returning Beijing.
The expedition of Mt. Changbai was part of a larger effort of the Kangxi emperor, who wanted to promote the legitimate status of the Manchu imperial court. He wanted to connect Mt. Changbai with Bukuri Yongson, the alleged ancestor of the Aisin Gioro clan, a project for which the emperor needed more detailed geographic information, therefore, he sent Umene to examine the region around the mountains. In fact, there was earlier attempt at linking Mt. Changbai to Bukuri Yongson, which went back to the time of Hong Taiji in the 1620s and 30s, and this continued for several decades up to the Kangxi region in the 1710s. As a result of such efforts of the Qing emperors, Bukuri Yongson, who the myth of the Hurkas had argued was born in Mt. Bukuri near the Amur River, was now recreated as the ancestor of the Aisin Gioro clan. His birthplace was also accordingly relocated to Mt. Changbai, a thousand kilometer away from Mt. Bukuri. It was largely the early years of the Kangxi era when the Qing court completed the creation of this founding myth of the Aisin Gioro clan and announced Mt. Changbai as the sacred birthplace of the Qing imperial court. The primary motive of all these endeavors ? commissioning Umene’s expedition of Mt. Changbai, connecting Bukuri Yongson with the mountains, and making the genealogy of linking Bukuri Yongson to the Kangxi emperor via Mongke Temur and Nurhaci ? was that Kangxi had to reinforce his imperial power, which was still venerable during the early years of his reign.
In addition to promoting the imperial authority, the Kangxi emperor attempted to collect geographic information of the border region with the Choson and to defend his empire from the increasing threats from Russia. The Qing effort at clarifying the border with the Choson became more apparent two years after Umene’s preliminary expedition of 1677. The Kangxi emperor realized the geopolitical significance of the southern Manchuria ? the sacred birthplace of the Qing court ? and the area near the Amur River, where conflicts with Russia continued to bother the Qing empire since the Shunzhi era. Along with the expedition of Mt. Changbai, the Kangxi emperor also carried out his first Eastern Tour in 1671, another exertion for both strengthening his imperial power and preparing the Russian threat. Umene’s group examined Ningguta and Huining on their way back from the expedition of Mt. Changbai because they were supposedly ordered to collect geographic and military information in order to prepare pressure from Russia in the north.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. 머리말
• 2. 장백산의 탐사
• 3. 發祥地의 탄생
• 4. 장백산과 황제권의 강화
• 5. 맺음말
• 참고문헌
• 〈Abstract〉

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 조병학, "후금(淸)의 흑룡강 주변 部族에 대한 平定 과정 및 복속 정책" 한국몽골학회 (17) : 143-170, 2004
• 2 Rawski, Evelyn S., "최후의 황제들 - 청황실의 사회사" 까치 2010
• 3 홍성구, "대청제국 1616~1799" 휴머니스트 2009
• 4 楊錫春, "黑龍江省滿語地名" 黑龍江朝鮮民族出版社 2008
• 5 劉厚生, "長白山與滿族的祖先崇拜" (3) : 1996
• 6 劉文鵬, "論清代東北驛站功能的發展" (6) : 2002
• 7 李自然, "試談清代的長白山封禪及其特點" 9 (9): 2000
• 8 谷長春, "薩大人傳(上下)" 吉林人民出版社 2007
• 9 王鍾翰, "王鍾翰淸史論集(제1책)" 中華書局 2004
• 10 黃錫惠, "滿語地名硏究" 黑龍江人民出版社 1998
• 11 孟森, "清始祖布庫里雍順之考證" 3 (3): 1932
• 12 阿南惟敬, "清初軍事史論考" 甲陽書房 1980
• 13 關紀新, "清代滿族作家文學中的“長白山情結”" (3) : 1997
• 14 三田村泰助, "淸朝前史の研究" 東洋史研究會 1965
• 15 細谷良夫, "淸朝に於ける八旗制度の推移" 51 (51): 1968
• 16 石橋崇雄, "淸初入関前の無圏点満洲文档案『先ゲンギェン＝ハン賢行典例』をめぐって―淸朝史を再構築するための基礎研究の一環として―" 58 (58): 1999
• 17 于鵬翔, "淸代東北邊疆滿語地名資料編目集成(全5冊)" 吉林文史出版社 2009
• 18 유지원, "淸代前期 東北의 邊城 寧古塔 : 建置過程 및 住民生活의 변화를 중심으로" 10 : 1999
• 19 송미령, "淸 康熙帝 東巡의 목적과 의미" 명청사학회 (24) : 225-254, 2005
• 20 松村潤, "洲始祖傳說研究" 臺北故宮博物院 3 (3): 1971
• 21 今西春秋, "東方學紀要" 天理大學おやさと硏究所 2 : 1967
• 22 이화자, "朝淸國境問題硏究" 集文堂 2008
• 23 河內良弘, "明代女眞史の硏究" 同朋舍出版 1992
• 24 稻葉岩吉, "光海君時代の滿鮮關係" 大阪屋號書店 1933
• 25 莊吉發, "互動與對話：從康熙年間的滿文史料探討中西文化交流" 2011
• 26 김선민, "「舊滿洲檔」에서 「滿洲實錄」까지 - 청 태조실록의 편찬과 수정" 역사연구소 (77) : 139-176, 2012
• 27 Robert H. G. Lee, "The Manchurian frontier in Ch’ing history" Harvard University Press 1970
• 28 Mark C. Elliott, "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies" 59 (59): 2000
• 29 Matsumura Jun, "The Founding Legend of the Qing Dynasty Reconsidered" 55 : 1997
• 30 Matsumura Jun, "On the Founding Legend of the Ch'ing Dynasty" 53 : 1988
• 31 Stephen Whiteman, "Chinese history in geographical perspective" Lexington Books 2013
• 32 Jonathan Spence, "Cambridge History of China 9. Part.1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800" Cambridge University Press 1978
• 33 Pamela Kyle Crossley, "A translucent mirror: history and identity in Qing imperial ideology" University of California Press 1999
• 34 이 훈, "17-18세기 淸朝의 滿洲地域에 대한 政策과 認識 : 건륭기 만주족의 위기와 관련하여" 고려대 2013