미 바이든 행정부의 영업비밀보호 관련 입법·정책 동향과 시사점

국문 초록 (Abstract)

현대 사회에서 영업비밀은 기밀유지가 핵심이고, 일단 유출되면 어떤 식으로든 원상회복이 불가능하며, 경우에 따라서는 유출에 따른 사회·경제적 비용이 천문학적 단위에 이를 수 있다. 이러한 측면에서 영업비밀 유출 후 민사상 유지청구와 손해배상, 형사상 처벌을 강조하는 기존 미국의 영업비밀보호 법제에는 한계가 있다. 사법적 구제수단은 일단 영업비밀이 해외로 유출되면 이미 빠져나간 국부 가치를 회복하는 데에 별다른 실익이 없기 때문이다.
이에 미 바이든 행정부에서는 영업비밀에 대한 시각을 달리하여 이를 단순히 기업의 사유재산이 아니라 국가적 차원에서 보호·관리해야 하는 공공재로 보고 사전예방적 차원에서 접근하고 있다. 바이든 행정부의 영업비밀보호 관련 국내 입법·정책의 기조는 중국으로부터의 영업비밀 탈취에 대한 예방 및 대응이다. 이를 위해 미국은 중국의 사이버보안법 체계를 일정 부분 벤치마킹하고 있다. 중국이 2021년 6월 10일 제정하고, 2021년 9월 1일 발효한 ｢데이터 보안법｣에 따르면, 사이버보안체계가 허술하여 데이터를 제대로 관리하지 못한 세계 굴지의 중국 IT 기업에게 영업정지처분, 영업허가 취소처분, 한화 약 18억원 상당의 벌금을 부과하고 있다. 바이든 행정부도 영업비밀을 보유하고 있는 국내 기업·대학·연구소에 사이버보안에 관한 적극적인 의무를 부과하고, 정부는 그 이행상황을 모니터링하는 쪽으로 나아가고 있다. 다만 영업의 자유·학문의 자유와 같은 자유시장경제질서의 본질적인 내용을 침해하지 않는 범위 내에서 정부가 기업·대학·연구소의 활동을 규율한다는 점에서 중국의 영업비밀보호 입법·정책과는 분명히 정도의 차이가 있다. 대외적으로 바이든 행정부는 다국적 기업의 초국가적 공급망 가운데 사이버보안에 취약한 지점이 생기지 않도록 국제규범을 정립하기 위해 노력하고 있다.
이에 우리나라도 최근 미국의 영업비밀보호에 관한 입법 논의를 참고하여, 영업비밀을 보유한 기업·대학·연구소가 합리적인 부문별 IT 보안 조치 및 절차를 채택하고 이행하게 하며, 노하우를 포함하고 있는 라이선스 계약 체결 시 구체적인 사이버보안 조항을 포함하도록 법적으로 강제할 필요가 있다. 대외적으로는 우리 기업의 초국가적 공급망 가운데 사이버보안에 취약한 지점이 생기지 않도록 국제규범을 정립해 나가야 한다. 해외로부터의 해킹 문제를 국가주권평등원칙, 국내문제불간섭원칙과 같은 일반국제법상의 원칙으로만 처리하는 데에는 한계가 있다. 우리 정부는 지역무역협정의 지식재산권에 관한 장을 개정하여 영업비밀보호에 관한 규정을 추가로 신설하는 방안을 고려해 볼 수 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In modern society, confidentiality of trade secrets is critical, and once broken, it is irrevocable and cannot be restored. In some cases, the socio-economic cost of breaches in confidentiality of trade secrets can be extremely significant. In this respect, there is a limit to the existing US Trade Secrets Protection Act, which emphasizes remedies such as injunction claims, civil compensation for damages, and criminal penalties after the leakage of trade secrets. This is because judicial remedies have little to no practical benefit in restoring the national wealth that had already lost its value when national trade secrets were passed to foreign countries.
Hence, the US Biden administration regards trade secrets as public goods that must be protected and managed at a national level, not as some private properties of companies, and protects them proactively. The administration’s domestic legislation and policy related to the protection of trade secrets is rooted in data secrecy, and it is a response to China’s stealing of trade secrets. To this end, the United States is partially benchmarking China’s cybersecurity law system. According to the Data Security Act, enacted by China on June 10, 2021, and enforced on September 1, 2021, the world’s leading Chinese IT companies that failed to properly manage data due to poor cybersecurity systems have been suspended, revoked, and fined about KRW 1.8 billion. The Biden administration also imposes active obligations on cybersecurity on domestic companies, universities, and research institutes with trade secrets, and the government is moving toward monitoring their implementation. However, it is distinctively different from China’s trade secret protection legislation and policy in that the government regulates the activities of companies, universities, and research institutes to the extent that it does not infringe on the essential contents of the free market economy order, such as freedom of business and academic freedom. Externally, the Biden administration is striving to establish international criteria to prevent multinational corporations, due to their operational vulnerabilities in cybersecurity among the transnational supply chains, from being taken advantage of.
It is only plausible that South Korea carefully refers to the recent legislative discussions on the protection of trade secrets in the United States, so that Korean companies, universities, and research institutes with national trade secrets are legally bound to adopt and implement reasonable IT security measures and procedures for each sector. In addition, it is necessary to legally enforce the inclusion of specific cybersecurity provisions when signing a license contract that includes professional knowledge and expert skills. Externally, international norms should be established to prevent vulnerable points in cybersecurity among transnational supply chains in Korean companies. There is a limit to dealing with hackers from abroad only with principles under general international law, such as the principle of equality of national sovereignty and the principle of non-interference in domestic issues. The Korean government needs to consider revising the chapter on intellectual property rights in regional trade agreements to establish additional regulations on trade secret protection.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론
• Ⅱ. 영업비밀의 의의와 특성 및 유출에 따른 국가적 비용
• Ⅲ. 미국의 영업비밀보호법의 현황 및 한계와 대안
• Ⅳ. 한국에의 시사점
• Ⅴ. 결론
• 참고문헌
• 국문초록
• Abstract

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 홍민지, "첨단기술의 유출방지를 위한 관련 법규의 형사법적 문제점과 개선방안에 관한 연구" 3 (3): 2008
• 2 김경찬, "중국의 영업비밀 침해현황과 법적보호" 법학연구원 (67) : 143-167, 2019
• 3 강미정, "중국 인터넷 플랫폼 규제와 정부의 딜레마" 2021
• 4 허욱, "중국 데이터 보안법 제정과 시사점"
• 5 김정덕, "영업비밀보호법의 이해" 한국학술정보 2011
• 6 김종호, "연구의 자유와 과학‧기술의 이중활용(Dual Use) 문제점에 관한 법적 검토" 사단법인 한국법이론실무학회 4 (4): 43-79, 2016
• 7 송규영, "미국 기술유출 관련 법률 및 판례 분석을 통한 우리나라 대응방안 연구- 형사적 쟁점을 중심으로 -" 법조협회 68 (68): 432-477, 2019
• 8 한희원, "미국 경제간첩법에 대한 소고(小考) - 법리적 이해와 운용을 중심으로 -" 대검찰청 (34) : 162-198, 2012
• 9 "[사설] 랜섬웨어에 무방비 한 해외법인, 송유관사태 남일 아니다"
• 10 Levine, David S., "Why Do Startup Use Trade Secrets?" 94 : 2018
• 11 Howg, Jason, "Unique Trade Secret License Agrement Features"
• 12 Castellucia, Claude, "Understanding Algorithmic Decision-making: Opportunities and Challenges" European Parliamentary Research Service 2019
• 13 White House, "U.S.-Japan Joint Leaders’ Statement: U.S.-Japan Global Partnerhip for a New Era"
• 14 USTR, "U.S.-Japan Digital Trade Agreement Text"
• 15 Adhoob, Marwah, "U. S. and Allies Blame China for Hacking Microsoft Exchange" 37 (37): 2021
• 16 Caslin, Brent, "Trade Secrets Venue Considerations" American Bar Association
• 17 Siivonen, Aliisa, "Trade Secret Misappropritation Through Cybercrime: Analyzing Prohibitions of Trade Secret Misappropriation and Cybercrimes in the Criminal Code of Finland" Tilburg University Law School 2018
• 18 Brenton, Kyle W., "Trade Secret Law and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act : Two problems and two solutions" 2 : 2009
• 19 Yu, Peter K., "Trade Secret Hacking, Online Data Breaches, and China’s Cyberthreats" 2015
• 20 Biancott, Claudia, "The price of cyber (insecurity): Evidence from the Italian private sector"
• 21 Hayes, Ben, "The law enforcement challenges of cybercrime: are we really playing catch-up?, Study for the European Parliament"
• 22 Mossburg, Emily, "The hidden costs of an IP breach: Cyber theft and the loss of intellectual property" (19) : 2016
• 23 Gaido, Chiara, "The Trade Secrets Protection in U. S. and in Europe : A Comparative Study" 24 : 2017
• 24 PricewaterhouseCoopers, "The Scale and Impact of Industrial Espionage and Theft of Trade Secrets through Cyber"
• 25 Kshetri, Nir B., "The Quest to Cyber Security: Cybersecurity Regulations, Frameworks, and Strategies for Major Economies" Springer 2016
• 26 Raul, Alan Charles, "The Privacy, Data Protection and Cybersecurity Law Review" Sidley Austin LLP 2020
• 27 Xiong, Ping, "The Internet and the Emerging Importance of New Forms of Intellectual Property" Wolters Kluwer 2016
• 28 Pugatch, Meir Perez, "The International Political Economy of the Intellectual Property Rights" Edward Elgar Publishing 2004
• 29 Linton, Ketherine, "The Importance of Trade Secrets: New Directions in International Trade Policy Making and Empirical Research" 6-7, 2016
• 30 Watkins, Brian, "The Impact of Cyber Attacks on the Private Sector" AMO Research Center
• 31 Merges, Robert P., "The End of Friction? Property Rights and Contract in the"Newtonian"World of On-line Commrece" 12 : 1997
• 32 McGeveran, William, "The Duty of Data Security" 103 : 2019
• 33 Ohana, Gil, "The Cambridge Handbook of Technical Standardization Law: Competition, Antitrust, and Patents" Cambridge Univ. Press 2018
• 34 Department of Justice, "Summary of the Major U.S. Export Enforcement, Economic Espionage, Trade Secret and Embargo-Related Criminal Cases"
• 35 Lloyd, Abigail W., "Spring Cleaning: Tidying Up Your ‘Reasonable Efforts’ to Maintain Trade Secrets"
• 36 Sebenius, Alyza, "Senators, Tech Execs Recommended Hack Reporting Requirement"
• 37 Werner, Wouter G, "Security: Dialogue Across Disciplines" Cambridge Univ. Press 2015
• 38 Segate, Riccardo Vecellio, "Securitizing innovation to protect trade secrets between ‘the East’ and the ‘the West’ : A Neo-Schumpeterian Public Legal Reading" 37 : 2020
• 39 Desal, Shreya, "SHHH! It’s a Secret : A Comparison of the United States Defend Trade Secrets Act and European Union Trade Secrets Directive" 46 : 2018
• 40 Chiang, Allan, "Reforming Law Reform: Perspectives from Hong Kong and Beyond" Hong Kong Univ. Press 2014
• 41 Rowe, Elizabeth A., "RATs, TRAPs, and Trade Secrets" 57 : 2016
• 42 Yeh, Brian T., "Protection of Trade Secrets : Overview of Current Law and Legislation" CRS 2016
• 43 Inside U.S. Trade, "Outside Views: Digital Trade a Pathway to a Bigger U.S. Role in Indo-Pacific?" 39 (39): 2021
• 44 Rosenweig, Paul, "Next Steps for U.S. Cybersecurity in the Trump Administration: Active Cyber Defense"
• 45 Capobianco, Anthony V., "International Trade Regulation and Cybersecurity"
• 46 Halbert, Deborah J., "Intellectual Property Theft and National Security : Agendas and Assumptions" 32 : 2016
• 47 Bently, Lionel, "Intellectual Property Law" Oxford Univ. Press 2014
• 48 Dobrusin, Eric M, "Intellectual Property Culture: Strategy and Compliance" Matthew Bender 2017
• 49 Leon, Ignacio De, "Innovation, Startups and Intellectual Property Management: Strategies and Evidence from Latin America and other Regions" Springer 2017
• 50 Perlroth, Nicole, "How China Turned into Cyber Threat to America"
• 51 Lin, Herbert S., "Governance of Dual-Use Technologies: Theory and Practice" American Academy of Arts & Science 2016
• 52 WIPO, "Frequently Asked Questions on Trade Secrets: SMEs"
• 53 Fancher, Don, "Five Insights on Cyberattackes and Intellectual Property"
• 54 Ghosh, Shubha, "Exhausting Intellectual Property Rights : A Comparative Law and Policy Analysis" Cambridge Univ. Press 2018
• 55 Santamauro, Jon P., "Environmental Technologies, Intellectual Property and Climate Change: Accessing, Obtaining and Protecting" Edward Elgar Publishing 2013
• 56 Abbott, Frederick M., "Emerging Markets and the World Patent Order" Edward Elgar Publishing 2013
• 57 Determann, Lothar, "Determann’s Field Guide to Data Privacy Law" Edward Elgar Publishing 2020
• 58 Welner, Seth J, "Defend Trade Secrets Act vs. Uniform Trade Secrets Act: Reasonable Security Measures as Objective or Subjective?"
• 59 Baker, Steward, "Cybercrimes: A Multipledisciplinary Analysis" Springer 2011
• 60 Wechsler, Andrea, "Criminal Enforcement of Intellectual Property" Edward Elgar Publishing 2012
• 61 Neuwirth, Rostam J., "Counterfeiting and Piracy in International Trade : the Good, the Bad and the. . Oxymoron of ‘Real Fakes’" 7 : 2017
• 62 Villasenor, John, "Corporate Cybersecurityi Realism : Managing Trade Secrets in a World Where Breaches Occur" 43 : 2015
• 63 Rowe, Elizabeth A., "Contributory Negligence, Technology, and Trade Secrets" 17 : 2009
• 64 Covington & Burling LLP, "Chinese National Sentenced to Nearly Six Years in Prison for Illegally Exporting U.S. Military Technology"
• 65 Nourwens, Meia, "China’s Pursuit of Advanced Dual-Use Technologies" International Institute for Strategic Studies
• 66 Li, Jing, "China’s New Data Law Gives Xi the Power to Shut Down Tech Firms"
• 67 Perlroth, Nicole, "China Breached Dozens of Pipeline Companies in Past Decade, U.S. Says"
• 68 Berry, Adam, "Biden Administration issues New Executive Order to protect American’s sensitive data" 27 (27): 2021
• 69 Shang, Carrie Shu, "Beyond Trade War : Reevaluating Intellectual Property Bilateralism in the US-China Context" 24 : 2021
• 70 Oguamanam, Chidi, "Beyond Theories : Intellectual Property Dynamics in the Global Knowledge Economy" 9 : 2009
• 71 Brian J. Love, "Best Mode Trade Secrets" 15 : 2013
• 72 Hovenkamp, Herbert J., "Antitrust and the Patent Systme : A Reexmamination" 76 : 2015
• 73 Czapracka, Katarzyna A., "Antitrust and Trade Secrets : The U. S. and the EU Approach" 24 : 2008
• 74 Skinner, Christina Parajon, "An International Law Response to Economic Cyber Espionage" 46 : 2014
• 75 Gregg, Aaron, "Amazon Launches New Cloud Storage Service for U.S. Spy Agencies"
• 76 Varadarajant, Deepa, "A Trade Secret Approach to Protecting Traditional Knowledge" 36 : 2011
• 77 Burstein, Aaron J., "A Survey of Cybercrime in the United States" 18 : 2013
• 78 Saunders, Kurt M., "A Review of State Criminal Trade Secret Theft Statutes" 21 : 2017
• 79 Carter, Ashton B., "A Law to Strengthen Our Cyberdefense"
• 80 Salvucci, Martin J., "A Federalist Account of the Law of Trade Secrecy" 29 : 2018
• 81 Harroch, Richard D., "10 Intellectual Property Strategies for Technology Startups"