Deep electrical structure and dynamic mechanism of the Yinchuan Graben on the western margin of the Ordos Block

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Yinchuan Graben (YG) is situated in the transitional area between the Tibetan Plateau, Ordos Block (OB) and Alxa Block (AB). The dynamic mechanism of the YG is controversial because of its unique tectonic environment. This study used a broadband magnetotelluric profile constrained by high-density point spacing to reliably obtain the deep electrical structure across the Helanshan Orogenic Belt and YG and to discuss the dynamic mechanism of the YG. The main research results are as follows. 1) Our profile and previous seismic profiles show a low-resistivity and low-velocity body in the deep YG, which extends upward and cuts through the bottom boundary of the upper crust, and all results indicate that this body may be the result of partial melting due to upwelling mantle material. 2) Our profile also shows a high-resistivity anomaly in the middle–lower crust of the Helanshan orogenic belt, which can be interpreted as intrusive rocks formed by the emplacement of partially melted materials. 3) The Helanshan east piedmont fault dips eastward and intersects with the Yellow River fault at the depth of 20 km, and the typical structure of the intersection may be the seismogenic structure of the Pingluo Ms8.0 earthquake. 4) The evolution of the YG may have been controlled by various dynamic mechanisms, and the initial formation of the YG may have resulted from the upwelling mantle material beneath the northern OB; the evolution of the YG since 10 Ma may also have been affected by lateral mantle flow from the Tibetan Plateau to the gap between the OB and AB.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 Jiao, J. G., "Zircon U-Pb dating of Yejili mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the southern margin of the Alax block and their geological significance" 41 : 950-959, 2017
• 2 Xu, T., "Upper crustal velocity of Lijiang–Qingzhen profile and its relationship with the seismogetic environment of the Ms6. 5 Ludian earthquake" 57 : 3069-3079, 2014
• 3 Zhao, H. G., "Uplift and evolution of Helan Mountain" 50 : 217-226, 2007
• 4 Ledo, J., "Two-dimensional interpretation of three dimensional magnetotelluric data : an example of limitations and resolution" 150 : 127-139, 2002
• 5 Zhao, D. P., "Tomographic imaging outside a seismic network : application to the northeast Japan arc" 97 : 1121-1132, 2007
• 6 Dong, H., "Three-dimensional electrical structure of the crust and upper mantle in Ordos Block and adjacent area : evidence of regional lithospheric modification" 15 : 2414-2425, 2014
• 7 Lei, Q. Y., "The seismogenic structure of the Ms8. 0 Pingluo earthquake in 1739" 37 : 413-429, 2015
• 8 Qu, J. P., "The relation between the deep-electrical structure of the west and southwest margin of Ordos Block and the geological structure in this area" 12 : 313-319, 1998
• 9 Caldwell, T. G., "The magnetotelluric phase tensor" 158 : 457-469, 2004
• 10 Yin, B. X., "The conductivity characteristics of middle and upper crust of Jingyuan-Yanchi, Southern Ningxia arc structure" 20 : 332-339, 2013
• 11 Feng, S. Y., "The compressive stress field of Yinchuan Graben : deep seismic reflection profile" 54 : 692-697, 2011
• 12 Li, Y. K., "The characteristics of crustal velocity structure for Liupan Mountain-Orsos Basin in the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau" 60 : 1147-1157, 2014
• 13 Tian, Z. Y., "The Mesozoic–Cenozoic East China rift system" 208 : 341-363, 1992
• 14 Chave, A. D., "The Magnetotelluric Method: Theory and Practice" Cambridge University Press 552-, 2012
• 15 Li, Q. H., "The Deep Structures and Tectonics of Western and Southwestern Margins of Ordos Block" Seismological Press 246-, 1999
• 16 Wang, W. T., "Tertiary basin evolution along the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau : Evidence for basin formation during Oligocene transtension" 125 : 377-400, 2013
• 17 Wang, C. Y., "Study on the lithospheric structure and earthquakes in North-South tectonic belt" 58 : 3867-3901, 2015
• 18 Wang, S. J., "Study on S-wave velocity structure difference of Yinchuan basin and blocks on both sides using artificial seismic sounding profiles" 32 : 1936-1943, 2017
• 19 Shao, Z. G., "Study of strong earthquake recent trends on the northern segment of North-South seismic belt" 29 : 26-36, 2013
• 20 Xu, L. B., "Study of deep electrical structure along a profile from northern Ordos block to Yinshan orogenic belt" 60 : 575-584, 2017
• 21 Tian, X. B., "Structure of crust and upper mantle beneath the Ordos Block and the Yinshan Mountains revealed by receiver function analysis" 184 : 186-193, 2011
• 22 Guo, B., "Seismic tomographic imaging of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Northeastern edge of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau and the Ordos area" 47 : 790-797, 2004
• 23 Ding, G. Y., "Segmentation of Active Faults: Principles, Methods and Applications" Seismological Press 143-, 1993
• 24 Wang, W. T., "Sedimentary responses to the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the northeastern corner of the Tibetan Plateau" The Institute of Geology, China Seismological Bureau 66-, 2011
• 25 Egbert, G. D., "Robust estimation of geomagnetic transfer functions" 87 : 173-194, 1986
• 26 Zheng, J. P., "Relict refractory mantle beneath the eastern North China Block : significance for lithosphere evolution" 57 : 43-66, 2001
• 27 Ningxia Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development, "Regional Geological Records of Ningxia in China" Geological Press 392-, 1990
• 28 Cai, J. T., "Refined techniques for data processing and two-dimensional inversion in magnetotelluric II : Which data polarization mode should be used in 2D inversion" 53 : 2703-2714, 2010
• 29 Cai, J. T., "Refined techniques for data processing and two-dimensional inversion in magnetotelluric I : Tensor decomposition and dimensionality analysis" 53 : 2516-2526, 2010
• 30 Gao, X., "Rebuilding of the lithosphere beneath the western margin of Ordos : evidence from multiscale seismic tomography" 61 : 2736-2749, 2018
• 31 Zhang, Y. Q., "Pliocene–Quaternary faulting pattern and left-slip propagation tectonics in North China" 22 : 84-88, 1999
• 32 Liu, J. H., "Pattern and timing of late Cenozoic rapid exhumation and uplift of the Helan Mountain, China" 53 : 345-355, 2010
• 33 Rodi, W., "Nonlinear conjugate gradients algorithm for 2D magnetotelluric inversion" 66 : 174-187, 2001
• 34 Wessel, P., "New, improved version of generic mapping tools released" 79 : 579-, 1998
• 35 Wang, Z., "New insights into the generation of the 2013 Lushan earthquake(Ms 7. 0), China" 120 : 3507-3526, 2015
• 36 Zhang, Y. Q., "Neotectonic evolution of the peripheral zones of the Ordos basin and geodynamic setting" 12 : 285-297, 2006
• 37 Griffin, W. L., "Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia" American Geophysical Union 107-126, 1998
• 38 Mohan, L., "Magnetotelluric studies in the epicenter zone of 2001, Bhuj earthquake" 98 : 75-84, 2015
• 39 Menzies, M. A., "Magmatic Processes and Plate Tectonics" Geological Society, London 71-81, 1993
• 40 Jiang, M. M., "Local modification of the lithosphere beneath the central and western North China Craton : 3D constraints from Rayleigh wave tomography" 24 : 849-864, 2013
• 41 Wu, F. Y., "Lithospheric thinning and destruction of the North China Craton" 24 : 1145-1174, 1988
• 42 Liu, B. J., "Lithospheric structure and faulting characteristics of the Helan Mountains and Yinchuan Basin : results of deep seismic reflection profiling" 60 : 589-601, 2017
• 43 Shen, X. Z., "Lithospheric structure across the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau : implications for the plateau’s growth" 459 : 80-92, 2017
• 44 Lin, J. Y., "Lithosphere structure of Yinchuan basin from a long-range seismic wide angle reflection and refraction profile" 39 : 669-, 2017
• 45 Zhao, L., "High-resolution body wave tomography models of the upper mantle beneath eastern China and the adjacent areas" 13 : 1-20, 2012
• 46 Teng, J. W., "Geophysical background field and deep dynamics of the Wenchuan-Yingxiu Ms8. 0 earthquake" 63 : 1882-1905, 2018
• 47 Lei, Q. Y., "Geological and geomorphic evidence for dextral strike slip of the HelanShan west-piedmont fault and its tectonic implications" 39 : 1297-1315, 2017
• 48 Wannamaker, P. E., "Fluid generation and pathways beneath an active compressional orogen, the New Zealand Southern Alps, inferred from magnetotelluric data" 107 : 2002
• 49 Jin, J. M., "Finite Element Method of Electromagnetic Field" 96-, 1998
• 50 Zhang, Y. Q., "Fault kinematic analysis and change in late Mesozoic stress regimes in the peripheral zones of the Ordos basin, north China" 80 : 639-647, 2006
• 51 Zhang, Y. Q., "Extension in the graben systems around the Ordos(China), and its contribution to the extrusion tectonics of south China with respect to Cobi-Mongolia" 285 : 41-75, 1998
• 52 Zhao, C. B., "Experiment on fault tectonics with deep seismic reflection detection in Yinchuan Basin" 29 : 33-38, 2009
• 53 Murphy, B. S., "Electrical conductivity structure of southeastern North America : implications for lithospheric architecture and Appalachian topographic rejuvenation" 462 : 66-75, 2017
• 54 Deng, Q. D., "Discussion on Cenozoic tectonics and dynamics of Ordos Block" 5 : 12-21, 1999
• 55 Lei, Q. Y., "Dextral strike-slip of Sanguankou-Niushoushan fault zone and extension of arc tectonic belt in the northeastern margin of the Tibet Plateau" 59 : 1025-1040, 2016
• 56 Wei, W. B., "Detection of widespread fluids in the Tibetan crust by magnetotelluric studies" 292 : 716-719, 2001
• 57 Zhu, R. X., "Destruction of the North China Craton" 55 : 1565-1587, 2012
• 58 Wang, H. Y., "Deep seismic reflection profiling in the Songpan-west Qingling-Linxia basin of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau : data acquisition, data processing and preliminary interpretation" 57 : 1451-1461, 2014
• 59 Zhan, Y., "Deep electrical structure of crust beneath the Madongshan step area at the Haiyuan fault in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau and tectonic implications" 60 : 2371-2384, 2017
• 60 Wang, X., "Deep electric structure beneath the northern section of the western margin of the Ordos basin" 53 : 595-, 2010
• 61 Zhan, Y., "Deep electric structure beneath the intersection area of West Qinling orogenic zone with North-South seismic tectonic zone in China" 57 : 2594-, 2014
• 62 Guo, H. L., "Crustal velocity structure beneath the northern North-South seismic zone from local seismic tomography and its tectonic implications" 40 : 547-562, 2018
• 63 Liu, Q. M., "Crustal structure of northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau by receiver function inversion" 57 : 741-750, 2014
• 64 Zhao, G. Z., "Crustal structure and rheology of the Longmenshan and Wenchuan Mw7. 9 earthquake epicentral area from magnetotelluric data" 40 : 1139-1142, 2014
• 65 Bai, D. H., "Crustal deformation of the eastern Tibetan plateau revealed by magnetotelluric imaging" 3 : 358-362, 2010
• 66 Unsworth, M., "Crustal and upper mantle structure of northern Tibet imaged with magnetotelluric data" 109 : B02403-, 2004
• 67 Zhang, H. S., "Crustal S wave velocity beneath the northeastern Tibetan plateau inferred from teleseismic P wave receiver functions" 58 : 3982-3992, 2015
• 68 Wang, S. J., "Crustal P-wave velocity structure in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and insights into crustal deformation" 61 : 1221-1237, 2018
• 69 Xia, S. B., "Crust and uppermost mantle electrical structure beneath Qilianshan Orogenic Belt and Alax block in northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau" 62 : 950-966, 2019
• 70 Wang, X. B., "Crust and upper mantle resistivity structure at middle section of Longmenshan, eastern Tibetan plateau" 619 : 143-148, 2014
• 71 Becken, M., "Correlation between deep fluids, tremor and creep along the central San Andress fault" 480 : 87-90, 2011
• 72 Li, M. L., "Characteristics of the earthquake-generating structures for magnitude 8. 0 Pingluo earthquake of 1739 and the process of its preparation" 6 : 23-28, 1984
• 73 The Research Group on Active Fault System around Ordos Massif of the National Seismological Bureau of China, "Characteristics of Quaternary Movement of Yinchuan-Jartai Down-faulted Basin Belt" Seismological Press 20-27, 1988
• 74 Huang, X. F., "Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Yinchuan Basin : constraints from the deformation of its boundary faults" 20 : 199-210, 2013
• 75 Liu, M., "Cenozoic rifting and volcanism in eastern China : a mantle dynamic link to the Indo-Asian collision" 393 : 29-41, 2004
• 76 Shi, W., "Cenozoic evolution of the Haiyuan fault zone in the northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau" 20 : 1-17, 2013
• 77 Li, M., "Basement faults and volcanic rock distributions in the Ordos Basin" 53 : 1625-, 2010
• 78 Santosh, M., "Assembling North China Craton within the Columbia supercontinent : the role of double-sided subduction" 178 : 149-167, 2010
• 79 Zhang, P. Z., "Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China" 46 : 13-24, 2003
• 80 Chai, C. Z., "Active Fault Detection and Seismic Hazard Assessment in Yinchuan City" Science Press 17-53, 2011
• 81 Xiao, W. J., "Accretion leading to collision and the Permian Solonker suture, Inner Mongolia, China : termination of the central Asian orogenic belt" 22 : 1069-, 2003
• 82 Wang, X. S., "3D density structure of lithosphere beneath northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau" 56 : 3770-3778, 2013