말소리 명료도와 모음공간면적의 상관성 = Speech Intelligibility and Vowel Space Area

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 연구의 목적은 말명료도와 모음공간면적 간의 관계를 설명하는 것이다. 말명료도는 청자입장에서 화자가 발화한 메시지의 해석정도로 정의할 수 있다. 의사소통장애 영역에서 말명료도 평가는 구어장애를 가진 화자들의 말소리 지각과 산출에서 정상화자와는 다른 비정상적인 말소리 변화와 패턴을 감지하는 데 있어서 매우 중요한 의미를 가진다. 모음공간면적은 화자가 산출한 말소리의 음향학적 분석의 하나로써, 첫 번째 공명주파수(F1)와 두 번째 공명주파수(F2)값에 근거하여 산출된다. F1은 구강 내 혀의 높이, F2는 혀의 전후 자질과 관련되는데, 이 분석을 통해 말소리 문제가 있는 화자의 구강 내 혀운동 변화를 간접적으로 파악할 수 있다. 모음공간면적과 말소리 산출특성 간의 관련성을 구체적으로 알아보기 위해 청각장애, 말더듬, 정신지체의 조음장애, 뇌손상으로 인한 마비말장애 등의 의사소통장애 영역에서 다양한 각도도 연구되어 왔다. 모음공간면적의 음향학적 분석결과는 말소리 평가의 청지각적 판단의 신뢰성을 뒷받침해 주는 중요한 근거를 제시하고 있다. 그러나 아직까지 말명료도에 미치는 청지각적 변수들을 구체적으로 체계화하는 데에는 많은 어려움들이 있다. 말소리를 평가하는 청취자의 조건이나 청취환경, 화자가 산출한 메시지 길이, 발화의 문맥적 단서, 말소리의 언어학적 특성 등이 말명료도 평가의 획일화와 체계화에서 많은 연구적 고려점을 제시하고 있다. 적어도 말소리평가를 위한 구어 샘플의 언어학적 요소에 대한 적용성을 고려해야 한다. 그리고 다학문적인 팀접근을 통한 말명료도 평가도구개발과 임상적인 연구가 지속되어야 할 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper aims to explain the relation between speech intelligibility and vowel space area. Speech intelligibility can be defined the degree that a listener can recover the represented messages by a speaker. In the field of communication disorder, speech intelligibility test is very important to detect the problem and changes in speech perception and production in individuals with speech disorder. In respect of speakers, vowel space area based on the first formant frequency(F1) varying with tongue height and the second formant frequency(F2) varying with tongue advancement is also useful to check out the problems in speaking. Increased vowel space area can be said that the motion range of articulatory is increased. Many previous studies have reported a positive relationship between speech intelligibility and vowel space area in dysarthria, stuttering, hearing impairment, etc. But there are many variables to influence to perceptual judgement by listeners, such as listening environment, message length, contextual cues, linguistic information in speaking, etc. So those variables controlled studies are needed to verify the relation between intelligibility and vowel space area. At least, if linguistic components in speech stimuli can be unified in intelligibility test, it can be get the more meaningful and reliable results to describe the relation of them.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 국문 초록 1. 머리말 2. 말명료도 평가 3. 모음공간면적 4. 말명료도와 모음공간면적의 상관성 5. 맺음말 참고문헌 Abstract

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 "http://sail.usc.edu/～lgoldste/General_Phonetics/Vowels/Vowel_Theories.html"
• 2 Neel, A. T., "Vowel space characteristics and vowel identification accuracy" 51 : 2008
• 3 Higgins, C., "Vowel area and intelligibility in children with and without dysarthria" 10 (10): 2002
• 4 Ladefoged, P., "The sounds of the world’s languages" Malden, MA 1996
• 5 Bunton, K., "The relationship between perception and acoustics for a high-low vowel contrast produced by talker with dysarthria" 44 : 2001
• 6 Hustad, K. C., "The relationship between listener comprehension and intelligibility scores for speakers with dysarthria" 51 : 2008
• 7 Turner, G. S., "The influence of speaking rate on vowel space and speech intelligibility for individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis" 38 : 1995
• 8 Liu, H., "The effect of reduced vowel working space on speech intelligibility in Madarin speaking young adults with cerebral palsy" 117 : 2005
• 9 Yorkston, K. M., "The effect of rate control on the intelligibility and naturalness of dysarthric speech" 55 : 1990
• 10 Dongilli, P., "Semantic context and speech inatelligibility. in: Motor speech disorders: Advance in assessment and treatment" Brookes 1994
• 11 Bunton, K., "Segmental level analysis of layngeal function in persons with motor speech disorders" 54 : 2002
• 12 Tjaden, K., "Rate and loudness manipulations in dysarthria: Acoustic and perceptual findings" 47 : 2004
• 13 Eimas, P. D., "Organization in the perception of speech by young infants" 3 : 1992
• 14 Weismer, G., "Intelligibility in speech disorders: Theory, measurement and management" John Benjamins Publishing Co 1992
• 15 Garcia, J., "Influence of verbal and nonverbal contexts on the sentence intelligibility of a speaker with dysarthria" 39 (39): 1996
• 16 Etmer, D. J., "Emergence of a vowel system in a young cochlear implant recipient" 44 : 2001
• 17 Weismer, G., "Effects of speaking rate manipulations on acoustic and perceptual aspects of the dysarthria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis" 52 : 2000
• 18 Hodge, M. M., "Effects of phonetic context on woman’s vowel area" 2004
• 19 Hustad, K. C., "Effects of linguistic cues and stimulus cohesion on intelligibility of severity dysarthric speech" 44 : 2001
• 20 Sapir, S., "Effects of intensive voice treatment(the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment[LSVT] on ataxic dysarthria: A case study" 12 : 2003
• 21 Peterson, G. E., "Control methods used in a study of vowels" 24 : 1952
• 22 Yorkston, K., "Communication efficiency of dysarthric speakers as measured by sentence intelligibility and speaking rate" 46 : 1981
• 23 Tjaden, K., "Characteristics of the lax vowel space in dysarthria" 48 : 2005
• 24 Hustad, K. C., "Changes in spech production associated with alphabet supplementation" 51 : 2008
• 25 Milenkovic, P., "CSpeech 4.0, Laboratory version[Computer Program], Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering" University of Wisconsin 2002
• 26 Bross, R., "An application of structural linguistics to intelligibility measurement of impaired speakers of English" John Benjamins Publishing Co. 1992
• 27 Hustad, K. C., "Aided and unaided speech supplemetation strategies: Effect of alphabet cues and iconic hand gestures on dysarthric speech" 48 : 2005
• 28 Jacewicz, E., "Acoustic characterisitics of vowels in theree regional dialects of American English" 2006
• 29 McRae, P. A., "Acoustic and perceptual consequences of articulatory rate change in Parkinson disease" 45 : 2002
• 30 Weismer, G., "Acoustic and intelligibility characteristics of sentences production in neurogenic speech disorders" 53 : 2001
• 31 Forrest, K., "Acoustic analysis of motor speech disorder. in: Clinical management of sensorymotor speech disorder" Thieme 2009
• 32 Stevens, K. N., "Acoustic Phonetics" MIT Press 1998
• 33 Bradlow, A. R., "A comparative acoustic study of English and Spanish vowels" 97 : 1995
• 34 Hustad, K. C., "A closer look at transcription intelligibility for speakers with dysarthria: evaluation of scoring paradigms and linguistic errors made by listeners" 15 (15): 2006