정당체제의 제도화와 정당의 제도화: 개념과 측정 그리고, 한국에의 함의 = Party System Institutionalization and Party Institutionalization : Concept, Measurement, and Implications to South Korea

국문 초록 (Abstract)

정당체제 제도화는 메인웨어링과 스컬리의 기념비적 연구(Mainwaring and Scully 1995) 이후 정당 연구 분야에서 활발하게 논의되어 왔다. 하지만 정당체제 제도화를 네 가지 차원으로 제시한 이들의 개념화에는 정당체제의 속성과 개별 정당의 속성이 혼재되어 있으며, 이로 인한 개념적 불명확성은 정당체제 제도화를 정량적으로 측정하고 개별 국가의 정당정치를 평가하는 과정에서 일관되지 못한 결과를 발생시켜 왔다. 본 논문은 메인웨어링과 스컬리의 논의를 비판적으로 재검토하고 이를 통해 정당체제 제도화와 정당의 제도화를 개념적으로 구분한다. 구체적으로 정당경쟁의 안정성이라는 단일변수로 정당체제 제도화를 좁게 정의하고, 정당의 사회적 기반과 정당성, 정당조직을 정당의 제도화의 구성요소로 다룰 것을 주장한다. 또한 유효정당수, 선거유동성 등의 전통적 지표와 최근 개발된 국가간 데이터셋에 이르기까지 정당체제 및 정당의 제도화를 측정하는 다양한 수단들을 소개하고, 이들을 사용할 때의 유용성과 한계에 대해 논한다. 끝으로 본 논문에서 발전시킨 정당체제 및 정당의 제도화의 개념과 측정에 관한 논의가 한국 정당정치의 제도화 수준에 대한 현재와 앞으로의 연구에 어떤 함의를 제공하는지 살펴본다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Party system institutionalization (PSI) has been extensively investigated in the study of party politics since the publication of a pioneering work by Mainwaring and Scully (1995). However, their multi-dimensional conceptualization of PSI conflates the attributes of party systems and individual parties, and this ambiguity often results in the inconsistency of measuring PSI and evaluating party politics in individual countries. In this article, I critically revisit Mainwaring and Scully’s original discussion and conceptually separate PSI and party institutionalization (PI). According to this reconceptualization, PSI is defined only as a single variable―the stability of inter-party competition, and other variables―a party’s social root, legitimacy, and organization―are treated as components of PI. I also introduce various indicators to measure PSI and PI, such as the effective number of parties, electoral volatility, and recently developed cross-national indices, and discuss the utility and limitations of those instruments. Finally, I examine how the issue of conceptualizing and measuring PSI and PI elaborated in this article provides implications to existing and future research on the institutionalization of party politics in South Korea.

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