18世起 英國의 地主와 農業 = Landlord and Farming in the Eighteenth-Century England
저자
金宗炫 (서울大學校商科大學)
발행기관
서울大學校 商科大學 韓國經濟硏究所(INSTITUTE OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY)
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1964
작성언어
Korean
KDC
320.5
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
53-67(15쪽)
제공처
소장기관
1. Hitherto, studies on the agricultural revolution have been concentrated in the period of the second half of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, while full attention has not always been paid to the early part of the eighteenth century. However, after Prof. Habakkuk's work on English landownership, the significance which the early eighteenth century has in the agricultural development has come to be regarded as important; and there has been a growing prevalence of the opinion that the agricultural revolution was a long process ranging at least from the later seventeenth century to the early nineteenth century, and that the parliamentary enclosure worked only as an accelerator of this process. Therefore, it is believed that the rapid changes in agricultural structure and the progress of farming technique, usually attributed to the parliamentary enclosure, began to take palce at least in the later seventeenth century, and that factors of agricultural development in the eighteenth century are price-fluctuations of agricultural and industrial products, and that the growth of population, market and estate before the parliamentary enclosure has an important significance, and that the high evaluation in the past of famous landlords subject to revision.
In this paper, it is, with particular reference to Dr. Mingay's recent works, intended to survey on the structure of landlords, the growth of their estates, and their functions on the agricultural development in the eighteenth century England.
2. In the eighteenth century England, the landowners, viewed in respect of their social status and political functions, consist of three broad categories of peers, gentries and freeholders; and reviwed in respect of their economic functions, they consist of more clearer categories, landlords and owner-occupiers.
By the second half of the eighteenth century, English landlords formed a stable society and they played a fairly unique role in politics and society in general. Indeed, English landlords were not a exclusively closed society but had some social mobilities, which were regarded as a characteristic of the English society. However, the mobilities had their limits so that it was difficult to rise into the landed class by acquiring estates. This fact resulted from the reasons that a large sum of fund was needed for purchasing estates, and that the political condition and the economic stability in those days were unfavourable to creation of new landed families.
Therefore, the main path to rise into the landed class by acquiring estates necessarily lays through marriage. A wealthy townsman who made a fortune mainly in the business world married with landed class. Because it was a means by which he could advance to the landed class, while for the landed class, marriage was a means by which they could accumulate wealth, cement political alliances, and extended their influences. Thus, main concerns of a great landlord who acquired estates were in the advancement of his social status and the security of his estates. The legal device to achieve it was the entail and the entail was practiced through strict settlements, which became a means to ensure the long-term security of estates and status of landed families.
Under the conditions mentioned above, English landed society in the eighteenth century maintained stability, and especially in the second half of the eighteenth century, increased their income and further strengthened their influences.
3. The late seventeenth and the early eighteenth centuries were a period of remarkable changes in the English agricultural structure. In this period, great landowners extended their estates at the cost of small landowners, and wealthy gentries could ensure in general their position, while small gentries and owner-occupiers decreased in number and their lands were considerably absorbed into large estates.
In general, it seems that the growth of large estates was achieved partly through their ability to enjoy the profit derived from the economies of scale, and partly through the greater diversity of great landlord's sources of income which they could put into the development of their estates. On the other hand during this period, the conditions of small landowners in general were straitened, because they could neither enjoy economic advantages like the great landowners, nor were the agricultural conditions especially in the first half of the eighteenth century favourable to them. The general difficulties of small landowners in the second half of the eighteenth century during which agricultural conditions were more favourable were due to the fact that they never could have an opportunity to make their farming more profitable on their own farms.
Thus agricultural conditions in the eighteenth century favoured to great landlords and tenant-farmers on the one hand, while they reduced small landowners to straitened circumstances. However, the rapid decline of the later took place rather during the period of general depression in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centruries than in the period of the parliamentary enclosure. Therefore, the main factors of their decline, contrary to prevailing opinion, were not the parliamentary enclosure, but low prices, natural disasters, enclosures, and the growth of large farms, especially in the first half of the eighteenth century.
4. Hitherto, the role which great landlords played in the improvement of English farming in the eighteenth century has been overestimated. However, contributions of improving landlords consist less in improvement of farming technique and granting of long leases with strict husbandry convenants than in supply of fixed capital and ensuring of the security of holdings. Indeed, fundamental contributions of landlords to the agricultural development in the eighteenth century were the investment of capital and enclosures of open fields, commons, and wastes.
Enclosure was a less drastic process than used to be supposed in the past, and its effects were limited, too. Consequently, enclosure was not necessarily the cause of decline of small landowners. The parliamentary enclosure only accelerated the already proceeding process of agricultural evolution.
The contribution of landlords to the English agricultural development in the eighteenth century was, in general, like that of landlords to the industrial development; it did not lay in their action as promoters of farming technique but in the creation of fundamental conditions needed for the progress of farming technique
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